Working Group on Ice Forces on Structures: A state-of-the-art-report

June 1980
\n.' Sp:ecLial Re port 80-26 [EE !r
\nWORKING GROUP ON
\nICE FORCES ON STRUCTURES
\n.0 A State-of-the-Art Report
\nT. Carstens, Editor
\nELECT~
\nSEP 2 6fto
\nPrepared by
\nINTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR HYDRAULIC RESEARCH
\nSECTION ON ICE PROBLEMS
\nPublished by
\nI UNITED STATES ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
\nCOLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY
\nHANOVER, NEW HAMPSHIRE, U.S.A.
\n* Approved for public release; distribution unimted.1 , i.80 9 29 0 106
\nUnclassified
\nSECURITY CLASSIFICA'TIO THIS PAGE(f4nV M REDINTUCIN
\nREPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM
\n2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER
\nSpeciale 1 t 0-26
\na~n SbtitlS. TYPE OF REPORT & PER4OD COVERED
\nAStaeo-h-r Reot . PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
\n~-.. 2AXM~3Q~6. CONTRACT OR GRANT NumUERtfe)
\n- ~ I as*t e ns (7dit =z)
\n9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT. TASK
\naRE WORkUNTNME International Association for Hydraulic Research ARA KUINMBS
\nSection on Ice Problems
\nWorking Group on Ice Forces on Structures
\nII. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS
\nU.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineerin$, 0 ue 92
\nLaboratory I.HMIRO AE
\nHanover, New Hampshire 03755 153
\n14. NONITORIA1AC NAME & ADDRESS(If different haom Controlling Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of Chia report) (~,/I&U~n classified
\n...... 111. DECLASSIFICATIONI DOWNGRADING
\nSCHEDULE
\nIS. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report)
\nApproved for public release; distribution unlimited.
\n17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entoredina Block 20, If different trhen Repot)
\nIS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
\nIII. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessar and identify by block number)
\nForce (mechanics) Underwater structures
\nIce ieWaterfront structures
\nStructures /'
\n20L ABSTRACT? md~ mnr eerse aftl neweny e Nity by block number)
\nPart I. W/A short review is presented of the literature on thermal ice pres
\nsure against extended hydraulic structures such as dams. Some of the methods
\nsuggested for the computation of ice loads caused by temperature changes are
\nreviewed. As a means of comparison measurements of thermal ice pressure and
\nempirical values used at present for estimating these loads are referred to.
\nPa~t-U~Ice forces on -structures are determined either by the environ-2
\nmental driving force or by the force to fail the ice-sheet and move the ice
\nDD Fo 141 CWTIOW OF I NOV 66 IS OVIDDLETIE rO NSpG aD
\nJAN~$ Uncass97e
\nUnclassified
\nSECURITY CLASIPICATION OF THIS PAGZ(1bum Date ntler")
\n20. (cont'd).
\n,-around the structure; which ever is the least. State-of-the-art techniques
\n- for predicting these forces on fixed, rigid structures are presente A rigid
\nstructure is defined as one where the ice interaction process ie,-not influence
\nby the deformation of the structure itself. Structures ,ae considered in thre
\nbroad cat~egories; structures with sloping sides, structures with vertical side
\nand wide structures such as-aztificial islands . Both uniform and ridged ice
\nis considered. The problem of ice ride-up on sloping beaches is also discusse
\nPart III. fhe modes of interaction between ice and structure are dis-cussed,
\nand the properties of both ice and structure are seen in the context
\nof interaction. The key parameter of the ice is the dependence of crushing
\nstrength on loading rate, in particular the inverse relationship that exists
\nfor a certain range and gives rise to negative damping. ) Self-excited vibra-tions
\nleading to limit cycles are explained and some deMgn problems are dis-cussed.
\nPart IV.-A review of the buckling analyses of floating ice sheets is
\npresented. The theory used is that of a beam or plate on an elastic fou-da-tion.
\nx For beams, the results for all possible boundary conditions are pre-sente&,
\nand discussed. For plates, results of numerical solutions for a semi-infinite
\nplate loaded over a part of its boundary are presented and discussed.
\nOne so ution is presented for an infinite plate loaded radially at a hole in
\nthe plae. In addition, results for wedge-shaped beams and plates are pre-sented
\nnd discussed. Wedge-shaped ice sheets frequently occur due to pre-vious
\ncacking in the ice.
\nAccesion Fo~r
\nDDC TAB
\nUlimounced
\nJustificationCANDi
\nBy
\n-Di st rbutl.on/ i
\nDist. special
\nSECURITY CL.ASSlIFICATION Of
\nr THIS PGh"Date teo
\nPREFACE
\nAt its Third Ice Symposium in 1975 in Hanover, New Hampshire, USA, the IAHR
\nSection on Ice Problems formed the following working groups, proposed by its
\nchairman, Dr. 0. Starosolszky:
\nWorking Group on Standardizing Testing Methods
\nWorking Group on Ice Jamming
\nWorking Group on Ice Forces on Structures
\nThe Section gave the working Groups the task of presenting state-of-the-art
\nreports to the Fourth Ice Symposium in Lulea, Sweden, in 1978.
\nThe Working Group on Ice Forces has the following members:
\nT. Carsten~s, Norway (Chairman)
\nK.R. Croasdale, Canada
\nR.Y. Edwards, Canada
\nV.A. Korenkov, USSR
\nM. ?4flttlnen, Finland
\nD.E. Nevel, USA
\nIt has not been found practical or even desirable to mould the working group
\nreports in the same form. The present report consists of four parts written
\nby named individuals. The function of the working group has essentially been
\nto provide general guidelines at the start and to review the manuscripts at
\nthe end. The report is thus more a result of individual efforts than of teamwork.
\nThe main advantage of this mode of operating is that it produces results faster
\nthan the other mode, in which the collective efforts predominate. To gather
\nan international group for intensive discussions and unifying modifications of
\nthe submitted drafts is a practical problem of considerable magnitude, and it
\nis very time consuming.
\nIn this first report we have sacrificed, to some degree, coherence and uniformity,
\nin order to avoid the worst fate of any report: obsolescence.
\nThe printing and distribution of this and forthcoming reports present another
\ntheir printing costs. IAHR does not have budgets for such publishing, so out-side
\nsponsors are necessary. The predicament was overcome by a generous offer
\nfrom the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover,
\nNew Hampshire (CRREL). This renowned institution has members in all the working
\ngroups and is very active in international ice research.
\nThe present report is an attempt to distribute information in a useful format to
\nthe international community of ice engineers. Your response will indicate whether
\nthe effort was worthwhile.
\nTrondheim, August 1979
\nTorkild Carstens
\niv
\nCONTENTS
\nPage
\nAbstract ........................................................ 1
\nPreface ...........................................................
\nPart 1. THERMAL ICE FORCES, J.H. Kjeldgaard and T. Carstens ........... vi
\nIntroduction ..........................................................
\n1.1 Theories of thermal ice pressure ................................ 2
\n1.11 Royen (1922) .................................................. 2
\n1.12 USSR norm SN 76-59. (1959) .................................
\n1.13 Brown and Clarke (1932) ....................................... 5
\n1.14 Rose (1947) ................................................... 6
\n1.15 Monfore (1947-1953) ........................................... 7
\n1.16 LJfquist (1952) ............................................... 9
\n1.17 USSR norm SN 76-66 (1966) ..................................... 9
\n1.18 Lindgren (1968) .............................................. 10
\n1.19 Drouin and Michel (1971) ..............o.......................13
\n1.110 Metge (1976) ................................................. 19
\n1.111 Bergdahl ..................................................... 19
\n1.2 Measurements of thermal in'e pressure .................... 22
\n1.3 Empirical values ............... o....o............................24
\n1.4 A comparison of ice pressure values ............................ 25
\n1.5 Concluding remarks .................................. 29
\nReferences ......................................................... 31
\nPart II. ICE FORCES ON FIXED, RIGID STRUCTURES, K.R. Croasdale . 34
\n2.1 Definition of fixed, rigid structures .......................... 35
\n2.2 Examples of fixed, rigid structures ............................ 35
\n2.3 Logic for considering ice forces ............................... 38
\n2.4 Ice types.................. .................................... 39
\n2.5 Environmental driving forces ................................... 40
\n2.6 Uniform ice acting on a sloping structure ...................... 42
\n2.61 Interaction mechanism ........................................ 42
\n2.62. Simple theory - Two-dimensions ........... 0....................42
\n2.63 Effect of friction and slope angle ........................... 44
\n2.64 Effect of ice strength ....................................... 46
\n2.65 Effect of ice thickness ...................................... 46
\n2.66 Three dimensional theory ..................................... 46
\n2.67 Experimental data ............................................ 52
\n2.68 Comparison of formulae ....................................... 55&#13

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