On banks and banking in Canada: a study of the bank returns with reference to proposed changes in the Bank Act. Treatise.
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
promise to pay' which he classes among his liabilities as ' Deposits.' The result is the exchange of one credit payable in the future for another payable on demand.This ' promise to pay ' or credit, or deposit, when put into negotiable form so as to pass by delivery without endorsement, is called bank Circulation.It requires no argument to show, for it is apparent in the mere assertion, that Circulation being one form of credit, and bank Deposits another, the demand for the negotiable form, Circulation, will increase pro rata with the amount in the form of Deposits Bank credits put into the shape of checks and drafts constitute the great bulk of the circulating medium of the country, but the minor operations of trade must necessarily be done with money or bank credits in the form of money (Circulation), and these miaor operations keep pro rata pace with the larger transactions.So that to the extent that Deposits in banks increase, to the same extent is there a corresponding demand for Circulation."*While a bank may have a Circulation in due proportion to its Deposits, and only adequate to the currency needs of its customers, the amount may yet far exceed what is allowed by the Bank Act.If the Deposits in the Cana- dian banks were as large in proportion to the Capital as are the Deposits in the English and Australian banks (to be referred to later), a limitation of the amount of bank Circulation to the amount of paid-up Capital would be altogether inadequate to the currency needs of the country, in default of gold and silver coin : as Deposits grow with the development of the resources of the country, Circulation will grow pari passu.And from this it would appear that Capital alone may not be the proper standard to regu- late Circulation by ; it might be better, as it would be according to a truer principle, that the legal limit of Circulation should bear a certain proportion also to the amount of Deposits.Under equally good management and in like circumstances, all banks show a pretty uniform proportion of Deposits to Capital, and the Circulation being naturally in pro rata proportion to Deposits, it follows ultimately that Circulation also bears a regular proportion to Capital ; and so an objection to the present preferential lien of note- holders, that in case of failure it may absorb an altogether undue proportion of the assets, is obviated.An indispensable condition should be that adequate Reserves be kept against Circulation as well as Deposits.That would lend support to both, and on such a basis a bank might safely hold any reasonable amount of Deposits with a corresponding Circulation, while restraint would be put on inflation generally, and especially would inflation of Circulation by the discount of bills in order to increase the Deposit account be prevented.With legitimate business methods, the resources of a bank in specie and marketable securities ought to keep pace with the growth of Deposits, and * The bank bills maintained in Circulation in Canada are mainly in the hands of (i) Farmers and lum- bermen, and dealers in agricultural and other natural products; (2) Employers of labor on manufactures, and industrial employers generally ; (3) Shopkeepers ; and (4) The well-to-do classes.All these except the last two clashes get the bank bills directly or indirectly from the banks, generally by way of advances or discounts, sometimes as drafts on actual deposits ; the well-to-do classes get them as drafts on similar deposits, or if in business, also by way of discounts ; city shopkeepers, who hold a very large sum in the aggregate (this in the main is the Circulation created by manufacturers and importers), get them from workpeople and from the well-to-do classes ; country shopkeepers get them from farmers.It is the aggregate of these sums, kept floating at an average amount by the activities of business, operating through the Deposit account of the banks, that constitutes the bank Circulation.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».