Comparative Perspectives on Developments in Labor Immigration Policies in Japan
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
This thesis aimed to explore and to get insights into Japan ́s “restrictive” labor immigration policy and to look at future prospects of acceptance of foreign workers. In this study, two comparative analyses were conducted; (1) a longitudinal case study on Japan ́s immigration policy over time, in order to understand the development and characteristics of Japan ́s policies; and (2) a comparative case study across countries (Canada, Australia and Singapore) to contrast policy elements in those countries with Japan and to further evaluate whether policy elements in the large-immigration countries might be adoptable in the case of Japan.\n\nThis study is the result of a desk study. Data sources were mainly from governmental documents, secondary literatures and reports from well-regarded international organizations. The collected data was qualitatively analyzed. The push-pull theory together with the human capital theory were mainly employed to analyze both migration decision-making processes from a migrant ́s perspective and migration policy decision-making processes from a policy maker ́s perspective. It was supplemented with the push-pull plus theory and the migration system theory.\n\nThe longitudinal case study showed that Japan has become a more open immigration country than before, opening several migration channels for prospective migrants with all skill-levels. The cross-country case study revealed that diversified migration programs and treatment differentiations based on skill-levels were common features among all those four countries. However, while Canada, Australia and Singapore recently restrict admission requirements for highly skilled workers and benefits and rights of low skilled migrants, Japan has relaxed the admission criteria. Also I discussed that Japan is urged to relax its policies even more to attract foreign migrants since the data shows that Japan has failed to take in as many labor migrants as the government ́s expectation.\n\nIt was also argued that Japan lacks “pull” factors from the migration system perspective. There are considerable cultural and social “push” factors in the Japanese society, such as barrier of language, cultural differences, and social acceptance. The government ́s attitude that views foreign labor migrants only as a temporary work force, not as a member of the society, deterred them from facilitation of a national integration policy which seems to have significant negative consequences on retaining foreign workers. As one of the possible future alternatives, I have suggested that use of a labor market test might function as a legitimate reason to approve recruitment of foreign migrants against the concerns regarding weakening social and cultural cohesion. Another suggested alternative was an implementation of a Canadian and Australian style of regional migration program by giving the local municipalities authority to arrange their own migration programs. It might help to resolve the severe labor shortage and the economic stagnation in the local communities, and importantly it might also encourage better social inclusion of foreign migrants to their local communities.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,003 | 0,005 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,004 | 0,003 |
| Communication savante | 0,004 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,003 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».