Laboratory and field studies and mathematical modelling of the three-dimensional distribution of adult Cryptolestes ferrugineus in wheat bulk
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), commonly referred to as rusty grain beetle, is a cosmopolitan pest and can survive in wide environmental conditions, including temperate and tropical areas with humid and dry environments. Understanding its movement and distribution in bulk grain would help to develop an effective stored grain management protocol. The one- and two-dimensional movement of the insects have been well established under laboratory conditions. The current work aimed to address the knowledge gap in the three-dimensional movement of rusty grain beetle under laboratory and field conditions. To understand the three-dimensional movement and distribution of C. ferrugineus, an experimental setup, consisting of 343 cubes arranged inside a wooden box, was designed. Using the designed setup, the experiments were performed in the laboratory at various uniform temperatures (20, 30, and 35ºC), moisture contents (12.5, 14.5, and 16.5%), insect densities (0.35, 1.77, and 3.53 adults (A) /kg), and movement periods (6, 24, and 72 h). The results of the study revealed that (i) at uniform environmental conditions, C. ferrugineus adults moved downward initially, then moved up and horizontally; (ii) the movement of adults was faster at higher temperature (35ºC) than at low temperature (20ºC); (iii) insects tend to disperse more at higher densities (3.53 A/kg); (iv) the effects of temperatures, moisture contents, insect densities, and movement periods observed in three-dimensional grain bulk were similar to those reported in one-dimensional grain columns and two-dimensional grain chambers. To perform a field experiment, about 300 t of wheat were filled inside an un-aerated, 10 m diameter corrugated steel bin in Winnipeg, Canada. About 75000 C. ferrugineus adults (insect density of 0.25 A/kg) were introduced at the centre surface of the bin in September 2019 and about the same number of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults were introduced at the same location during September 2020. The bin was equipped with temperature sensors and insect sensors (Insectors®) and the hourly temperature and insect counts were monitored from September 2019 to October 2021. In addition, about 20-g grain samples were collected at each of the 36 locations (at various depths and radial locations) from September 2019 to August 2021 for every month. The movement and distribution of C. ferrugineus observed during the field study were similar to the laboratory study under similar environmental conditions. In addition, the analytical solutions to calculate the three-dimensional diffusivity of insect movement were proposed, and the diffusivity was calculated at various homogeneous environmental conditions.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».