The therapeutic application of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide and double stranded (ds)RNA as immunostimulants and antiviral agents in crustaceans
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Currently valued at 28 billion USD per year, the global shrimp market is growing faster than any other aquaculture industry. The initial fast-paced global industry expansion led to many catastrophic viral shrimp pandemics. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), a DNA virus with global distribution, is a major causative agent of massive shrimp die-offs worldwide. Shrimp farmers are limited in their ability to manage and reduce disease burden due to the absence of effective antiviral treatments. The present study focuses on the application of therapeutics in crustaceans with the goal of inducing a general immune response to control viral infection. Double-stranded (ds)RNA has been well characterized in vertebrates as an innate immune stimulant and potent inducer of the antiviral response through type I interferons and interferon stimulated genes. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a highly conserved, multifunctional, cationic neuropeptide with antimicrobial properties. In vertebrates PACAP has been shown to regulate pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production through cAMP signalling cascades and to interfere directly with viral protein transcription. In this study, wild caught Ontario crayfish were injected with 10 µg of High molecular weight (HMW) Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (synthetic dsRNA), a low (6 µg) and high (12 µg) dose of PACAP-38 and a combination of 10µg Poly(I:C) HMW and 12µg PACAP-38. The safety of these treatments was first established through exposure of primary hemocytes in vitro to concentrations of PACAP between 1.95 and 250nM and Poly(I:C) HMW between 0.0076 and 10µg/mL which did not reduce cell metabolism or membrane integrity. These therapeutics were then delivered to crayfish by both intramuscular and ventral sinus injection. Following treatment for 6-, 24-, 48- and 168-hours immune system activation was measured using functional markers of cellular and humoral responses, including the total number of hemocytes, lectin activity, nitric oxide concentration and activated phenoloxidase function. Following in vivo stimulation by ventral sinus injection, animals treated with Poly(I:C) HMW, PACAP and the PACAP+HMW combination had a higher total number of hemocytes and a significant increase in hemagglutination and phenoloxidase activity between 6 and 168 hours. PACAP treatment for 6 hours resulted additionally in a significant increase in the hemolymph concentration of nitric oxide. This work establishes the immunostimulatory role of dsRNA and PACAP-38 in crustaceans which will benefit the shrimp aquaculture industry by contributing to the development of effective broad-spectrum immune therapies.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».