Virtual water trade a quantification of virtual water flows between nations in relation to international crop trade
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The water that is used in the production process of an agricultural or industrial product is called the 'virtual water' contained in the product. A water-scarce country might wish to import products that require a lot of water\nin their production (water-intensive products) and export products or services that require less water (waterextensive products). This implies net import of ‘virtual water’ (as opposed to import of real water, which is\ngenerally too expensive) and will relieve the pressure on the nation’s own water resources. Until date little is known on the actual volumes of virtual water trade flows between countries.\nThe objective of this study is to quantify the volumes of all virtual water trade flows between nations in the period 1995-1999 and to put the virtual water trade balances of nations within the context of national water\nneeds and water availability. The study has been limited to the quantification of virtual water trade flows related to international crop trade.\nThe basic approach has been to multiply international crop trade flows (ton/yr) by their associated virtual water content (m3/ton). The required crop trade data have been taken from the United Nations Statistics Division in\nNew York. The required data on virtual water content of crops originating from different countries have been estimated on the basis of various FAO databases (CropWat, ClimWat, FAOSTAT).\nThe calculations show that the global volume of crop-related virtual water trade between nations was 695 Gm3/yr in average over the period 1995-1999. For comparison: the total water use by crops in the world has\nbeen estimated at 5400 Gm3/yr (Rockström and Gordon, 2001). This means that 13% of the water used for crop production in the world is not used for domestic consumption but for export (in virtual form). This is the global\npercentage; the situation strongly varies between countries.\nConsidering the period 1995-1999, the countries with largest net virtual water export are: United States, Canada, Thailand, Argentina, and India. The countries with largest net virtual water import in the same period are: Sri\nLanka, Japan, the Netherlands, the Republic of Korea, and China. For each nation of the world a ‘water footprint’ has been calculated (a term chosen on the analogy of the ‘ecological footprint’). The water footprint, equal to the \nsum of the domestic water use and net virtual water import, is proposed here as a measure of a nation’s actual appropriation of the global water resources. It gives a more complete picture than if one looks at domestic water use only, \nas is being done until date. In addition to the water footprint, indicators are proposed for a nation’s ‘water self-sufficiency’ and a nation’s ‘water dependency’. In studying global virtual water trade flows, it is recommended to \nstart working on other products than crops as well, for instance livestock products such as meat. Another next step is to start interpreting the data and to study how governments can deliberately interfere in the current national \nvirtual water trade balances in order to achieve higher global water use efficiency.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,003 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».