A characterization of soil erosion in cultivated watersheds in Manitoba's Red River Valley using sediment budgeting, and its implications for managing soil erosion’s impacts
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Soil erosion accelerated by agriculture reduces agricultural productivity and compromises the function of drainage infrastructure and downstream water quality. In Manitoba, the relationship between soil erosion and water quality is of particular concern, following measurable declines in Lake Winnipeg’s water quality since the 1990s. Understanding the state of soil erosion, transportation, and deposition in the Red River Valley is of interest, due to the extensive cultivation of the river’s watershed and its contribution to total flow (and by extension, sediment flux) into the lake. Sediment budgets were drafted for two sub-watersheds of the well-studied Boyne-Morris and La Salle River watersheds, located in the Red River Valley, and coded 05OF024 and 05OG008 by the Water Survey of Canada (WSC), respectively. To characterize soil erosion, the sediment budgets used published National Agri-Environmental Health Analysis and Reporting Program (NAHARP) soil erosion risk estimates calculated with the SoilERI model. Sediment transportation was quantified using flow and total suspended solids (TSS) measurements made by the WSC and other organizations. Deposition within the sub-watersheds was quantified through measurements made in road-side ditches (a common sediment sink in the Red River watershed) and inferred through imbalances in the sediment budgets. Rates of soil erosion, deposition within, and transportation out of the 05OF024 sub-watershed were an order of magnitude greater than in the 05OG008 sub-watershed due to differences in basin scale, but relative differences in their rates in each basin were the same. Rates of erosion were 1 order of magnitude greater than rates of deposition in road-side ditches and 3 orders of magnitude greater than transportation past the sub-watershed outlets. Differences between rates of soil erosion and deposition in road-side ditches were noted and attributed to unmeasured deposition in cultivated fields. Rates of deposition in such settings were of the same order of magnitude but less than rates of erosion. Both sediment budgets quantified rates of road-side ditch dredging, which were 1 order of magnitude greater than rates of deposition in road-side ditches and directed soil back into cultivated fields. Rates of water, wind, and tillage erosion characterized by NAHARP erosion risk estimates were not mirrored by related, measured rates of deposition in roadside ditches in either watershed. The stark differences between rates of soil erosion and rates of sediment transportation past the outlets of both sub-watersheds suggested the downstream impacts of eroded soil on water quality may be minimal at coarse temporal scales in watersheds of similar or greater size in the Red River Valley. Greater degrees of sediment delivery to road-side ditches suggested that sediment may have more meaningful impacts on the function of drainage infrastructure, especially at the same temporal scales in smaller watersheds in the region. Differences in estimated rates of water, wind, and tillage erosion and related rates of deposition in road-side ditches suggest the SoilERI model may not adequately characterize rates of soil erosion. This does not invalidate the SoilERI model, but highlights its limitations which should be considered when it is used to estimate rates of soil erosion in such settings.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».