North American Trenchless Technology Survey and an Approach to Explore the THE I&I Problems in Sewer Lines
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The current technologies in practice, to construct/rehabilitate of underground infrastructures, are open cut method and trenchless technologies.In general, open cut is the traditional method.The method which does not need excavation is called trenchless.Trenchless technology is the fastest growing construction method in North America, especially for underground infrastructure.The open cut method is often associated with major disruptions to surface activities such as road closures, delays in traffic, loss of access to home and business, and construction noise.Underground infrastructures are considered to be an essential part of every city or municipality as they are used to fulfill daily and vital needs of people such as water, gas, oil, transportation, telecommunications, and information networks.However, these structures are getting old.On the other hand, many cities have underground infrastructure that are out dated.These out dated systems are of primary concern when understanding possible point sources of inflow and infiltration (I&I).This study explores how the technology is being used and what types of factors are involved with the relative technologies.This study was divided into two sections.The first section includes a survey questionnaire from Canadian municipalities regarding the open cut and trenchless methods of construction/rehabilitation of underground infrastructures.While the second examines a specific example (Youngstown sewer line systems) to see what possible problems areoccurring and to create a representative model that shows areas of interest with the highest susceptibility of I&I.Overall, the results from the first section indicated that trenchless methods are more beneficial method compared to open cut method.Especially in the replacement/rehabilitation of underground infrastructures in congested urban areas.Cured-in-Pipe-Place (CIPP) was found to be the most popular method to replace or rehabilitate the underground infrastructure.However, lack of budget, appropriate knowledge, skills, education, and special trainings are discovered to be the major factors hindering the use of trenchless technologies.The results disclosed that the trenchless technology is more effective in reducing environmental impact and urban congestions compared to open cut method.Moreover, the results showed the trenchless method is cost effective for installation of deep pipe network.Infiltration and inflow were reported as the major waste water network issues (rating-3.9out of 5) in the municipalities.Whereas annual number of water mains breaks (rating-3.9out of 5) and pipe structural integrity (rating-3.8out of 5) were proclaimed as major water mains network issues in the municipalities.Overall, the survey revealed that the trenchless method is cost effective and environmental friendly method in comparison to the open cut method.However, lack of information, engineering knowledge, skills, trained contractors, separate management group (government policy), and allocated budget are obstacles for the adoption of the trenchless technology.The second section concluded with the various maps showing different piping conditions (considering some important factors contributing I&I problem) ranging from very good to very poor.Very poor conditions indicated on the map showed a high chance of occurring I&I problem in the specific area.Most of the pipelines were determined to be out dated (more than 100 years).The majority of the pipe lines from downtown and south side of the Youngstown were determined to be in very poor condition i.e. high susceptibility to I&I problem.The method used in this study reduces the scale of work by giving the map with indicating only the highest I&I problems which requires field testing.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,005 | 0,014 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,003 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,003 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».