Optimization of agricultural waste derived biochar through physical activation methods for use as reinforcement fillers in rubber composites
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Biochar has a variety of applications such as contaminant removal, soil amendment, and general carbon storage.Some recent research has investigated its application as a reinforcing filler for rubber composites.The properties of biochar are influenced by factors such as feedstock composition, pyrolysis conditions, and pre-and post-treatments.The relationship between biochar properties and performance as a reinforcing filler in rubber composites is not yet well understood.This thesis aims to determine the effect of feedstock composition and steam activation on the composition of biochar, and its efficacy as a reinforcing filler.The first study aimed to determine effective activation methods for the improvement of reinforcement in corn stover biochars.Three steam activation methods, two gaseous and one slurry-based, were performed.The biochars were assessed for their physicochemical properties and then incorporated into styrene-butadiene composites.These composites were then analyzed for their cure performance and mechanical properties in comparison to N772 carbon black-filled composites.The unactivated biochar and gaseous steam-activated biochars demonstrated poor performance as reinforcement fillers.Slurry activation improved reinforcement performance in the rubber composites, comparable to N772.Its improved performance is attributed to increases in mesoporosity, and a correlation between mesoporosity and reinforcement performance is presented.The second study investigated different feedstocks chosen for suspected valuable properties for reinforcement performance.Two nut shell feedstocks (hazelnut and walnut) and two grain husk feedstocks (oat and rice) were used to produce biochar.These biochars were also subjected to a slurry-based steam activation.The biochar samples were fully characterized, then used in styrene-butadiene rubber composites.The mechanical properties of the resulting composites were analyzed and compared to the N772 filled composite.Nut shell biochars provided very good reinforcement properties with and without activation and met or exceeded the performance of carbon black filled composites, despite having poorer dispersion.High silica content was not found to be beneficial to reinforcement performance.Activation increased mesoporosity and carbon content in all biochars and resulted in various mechanical improvements in formulated Chapter 2: Current and future research into biowaste candidates for rubber composite additives Abstract Rubber composites are highly engineered materials composed of a multitude of additives in addition to natural and/or synthetic rubber.These additives range from reinforcing fillers, to processing aids, to protectants, to cross-linking systems.Current commercial additives are generally sourced from petroleum sources, including carbon black and various petrochemicals.As research into more sustainable production practices has increased considerably in recent years, identifying and developing effective bio-sourced alternatives to these components of rubber composites warrants investigation.Waste biomass is an attractive raw material source as it is readily abundant and cost-effective.Current research has shown that waste biomass can be used to produce compounds that have similar physical and chemical properties to many rubber additives.Some have demonstrated efficacy in polymer formulations, while others have developed these components for entirely different applications.This review overviews additive types in rubber composites, their function, the current commercial fillers used, discusses current novel biowaste alternatives, and develops hypothetical candidates for future investigation.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».