Coast Salish foods gathered on clam gardens and rocky intertidal beaches
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Indigenous Peoples have been gathering foods using traditional technologies since time immemorial. Indigenous Peoples are intertwined with the environment by practicing traditional technologies and transmitting Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) within their communities. Since the beginning of time Indigenous People have interworking relationships with the natural world, these relationships are a result of thousands of years of transmitting TEK about the environment and traditional food systems. Clam gardens are one example of traditional mariculture that increases the optimal habitat for clams, increases biomass, and clam density. In addition to clam garden beaches providing productive habitats for clams, the clam garden rock wall is an intertidal structure that houses several species of non-clam, rock-dwelling Coast Salish foods. Research including clam gardens include many studies on clams. This research is focused on understanding the complexity and environmental parameters of rocky beaches and clam garden rock walls and how these factors influence the availability of non-clam Coast Salish foods. Our guiding research question was: Do habitat complexity, biotic, and abiotic factors influence the availability of intertidally sourced Coast Salish foods? We hypothesized that temperature would influence biomass. Additionally, we hypothesized that transects with greater habitat complexity (measured in rugosity) would have greater biomass. We also predicted that clam garden rock walls would have greater Coast Salish food availability because the rock walls are complex places to house rock dwelling species. We conducted 10 x 2 meter intertidal transect beach surveys to compare the available Coast Salish foods that can be harvested from clam garden rock walls and rocky intertidal beaches. Surveys included measuring habitat complexity using a rugosity chain, measuring water flow, and identifying and measuring the length of the invertebrates included in this study. These surveys were conducted in the traditional territory of the Hul'qumi'num and WSÁNEĆ communities, whose territory includes what is now called the Southern Gulf Islands of B.C., Canada. Hul'qumi'num communities include Cowichan Tribes, Halalt, Lyackson, Ts'uubaa-asatx, Stz'uminus, and Penelakut First Nations. The WSÁNEĆ communities, which includes Tsartlip, Tseycum, Pauquachin, and Tsawout First Nations. Increased research on Coast Salish food availability (defined as biomass) on clam garden rock walls and rocky intertidal beaches demonstrates how abiotic and biotic factors influence the biomass of intertidally gathered Coast Salish foods. Intertidally sourced foods gathered in rocky habitats and clam garden rock walls at low tide include green sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis), rough keyhole limpets (Diodora aspera), gumboot chitons (Cryptochiton stelleri), and red rock crabs (Cancer productus). We performed 38 intertidal surveys and measured the length of over 600 individual invertebrates, habitat complexity, temperature, algae cover, salinity, and dissolved oxygen. Additionally, we performed a clod card experiment to estimate water flow. A length to weight linear regression analysis was used to determine the biomass of each species and the biomass of all individuals was combined to get the total food availability (biomass) for each transect. We hypothesized that food availability would be influenced by habitat complexity and temperature, and that clam garden rock walls would have similar characteristics to the beaches with high habitat complexity. Included in this study are fifteen species of Coast Salish foods. We used linear models to estimate the biomass of each species. A generalized linear model was used to analyze the data, which revealed that transects with greater habitat complexity and lower water flow had greater biomass, this includes transects that are both clam garden rock wall transects and non-wall rocky beaches. This study shows the cultural importance of clam gardens and Coast Salish foods gathered from rocky beaches and how habitat complexity and waterflow influence Coast Salish intertidal food availability.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,007 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».