High resolution structural investigation of synthetic and natural 2:1 clay-mineral assemblages using advanced sample preparation and electron microscopy imaging techniques
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
In this study, X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and conventional TEM (CTEM) of Pt-C replicas are used to characterize both synthetic and natural 2:1 clay minerals from a variety of geological environments. In manuscript 1, reference samples of illite and expandable 2:1 clay minerals (i.e., smectite-group minerals, vermiculite and rectorite) varying in interlayer charge were investigated to characterize their interlayer expansion after treatment with octadecylammonium (nC=18) cations. The results of this study show that the treatment of ultrathin sections of 2:1 clay minerals with nC=18 cations and their subsequent investigation under the HRTEM provide information on the distribution of layer charges and layer-charge heterogeneities that cannot be obtained with conventional techniques of sample preparation. The major objective of manuscript 2 is to test whether oxalate catalyzes the crystallization of saponite at low temperatures and pressures. Additionally, the experiments of this study allow the investigation of the expansion behaviour and the structure of newly formed saponite crystals after exchange with n-alkylammonium cations in HRTEM lattice-fringe images. As these clay minerals are interpreted to replicate by template-catalyzed polymerization and transmit the charge distribution from layer to layer, the formation of 2:1 layer silicates with a variable layer-charge has significant implications for the abiotic origin of life. The finding that polar organic molecules such as oxalic acid catalyze clay-mineral formation in the laboratory is of great relevance to what processes may have occurred on carbonaceous chondrites and on the primitive, outgassing Earth that finally led to the evolution of life. In manuscript 3, I investigated the role of oxalate in promoting the nucleation of 2:1 silicate layers of saponite within the low-charge, smectite-like interlayers of rectorite. This study was aimed to test the intercalating hypothesis of Weiss et al. (1969) and Weiss (1981), who claimed to have successfully proven the synthesis of new smectite layers from a solution within the low-charge interlayers of rectorite. Lattice-fringe images show that the oxalate-promoted formation of the new 2:1 layer silicates from the silica gel leads to the alteration and destruction of the rectorite structure. The saponite layers grow independently of any crystallographic orientation given by the rectorite layers. In manuscript 4, XRD, HRTEM and CTEM were used to characterize the clay-mineral separates (2.0-0.5, 0.5-0.1, and <0.1 μm) from argillaceous rocks taken at increasing depth from two wells, North Ben Nevis (NBN) P-93 (2025 m, 2730 m) and Adolphus (AD) D-50 (2035 m, 3135 m) in the Jeanne d'Arc Basin, offshore Newfoundland, in order to understand the diagenetic changes of the 2:1 clay minerals that constitute the smectite to illite (S→I) reaction during progressive burial. Lattice-fringe images of clay minerals in ultrathin sections treated with nC=18 cations show the multiphase nature of the clay-mineral assemblages (e.g., smectite-group minerals, expandable and non-expandable illite, vermiculite) in all size fractions. Conventional TEM images of Pt-C replicas show a change in particle morphology with increasing depth of burial. Irregular, flake-like particles dominate in NBN P-93 at 2025 m and AD D-50 at 2035 m, whereas at greater depths (NBN P-93 at 2730 m and AD D-50 at 3135 m), a larger proportion of lath-like or equidimensional particles are observed. The diagenetic evolution of S→I in the investigated depth interval of the Jeanne d'Arc Basin should be considered as a sequence of multiple discrete 2:1 clay-mineral phases that dissolve and crystallize from solution in overlapping zones of burial depth and not as a single, continuous and progressive reaction-series, as conventionally assumed.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».