Predictors of Canadians’ Psychological Well-Being in Retirement: A Mixed Methods Approach
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
In prior decades, retirement research focused on the negative effects of the life transition—such as negative psychological well-being caused by factors such as difficulties adjusting to retirement, feelings of a role loss, or the financial effects of retirement. However, there is considerable agreement across recent research studies that post-retirement years are marked by positive psychological well-being due to a variety of factors. For example, retirees often spend more time in roles (such as volunteer positions) that provide life satisfaction. The present study uses both quantitative and qualitative methods to examine factors related to well-being in retirement among individuals living in Canada. A sample of 136 participants between the ages of 54 and 86 years old was recruited to complete a survey that measured psychological well-being using Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale (CES-D10; Radloff, 1977) and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson & Clark, 1992) and measured life satisfaction using Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS; Diener, et al., 1985). In addition, the quantitative portion of the survey targeted other aspects of life in relation to well-being including physical health, satisfaction with roles (e.g., marital), financial security, and the social role of volunteering. Of the 136 participants, 113 participants completed an optional phone interview. Phone interview responses were coded for future time perspective (FTP) with the hypothesis that FTP is correlated with overall well-being in retirement. The mixed methods approach supported by several theoretical approaches explored in this proposal is novel in retirement study data in that very few studies pertinent to retirees living in Canada examine psychological well-being during retirement with in-depth analyses of qualitative data in conjunction with quantitative data. Qualitative data was utilized to examine the experience of retired Canadians by detailing their “deeper thoughts and behaviours that governed their [quantitative] responses” (Creswell & Poth, 2018, p. 46), specifically investigating gender differences and differences in the experience of a planned versus unplanned retirement on the impact of their well-being. Quantitatively, results indicate that: an unplanned retirement still provides challenges for retirees as seen through reports of lower levels of life satisfaction and family satisfaction, retirees are cognizant of the importance of physical health, volunteering is positively correlated to psychological well-being, and financial income predicts satisfaction with life regardless of an unplanned or planned retirement. Qualitative results indicate that retirees are resilient even with a forced/unplanned retirement, retirees are extremely active and conscious of preventative physical and mental healthcare, and for the most part, retirees’ expectations of retirement met their reality.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,020 | 0,016 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,002 | 0,006 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,007 | 0,007 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,006 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,004 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,005 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».