Evaluación de una planta de licuefacción de gas natural en el Perú para exportación
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The first option for the use of natural gas in Peru is its internal market and / or added value through the development of the petrochemical industry, thus motivating the exploration and exploitation of gas fields in the country, bringing the own investments of capital, generation of jobs, creation of new infrastructure and income through royalties; However, several projects related to the possible development of petrochemicals and internal distribution have not been consolidated to use Camisea gas, since an intermediate infrastructure is required for the transportation and supply of natural gas, therefore, with the purpose of Maintain revenues in the country, this research study the feasibility of exporting gas using gas reserves not committed to the massification of natural gas at the country level, which, during the period 2010 - 2017 Natural gas exported accounted for 46.55% of the Total gas royalties in favor of Peru. \nIn 2016, the trade in Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) represented about 32% of the global demand for Natural Gas, where this last represented approximately a quarter of the global energy demand, since, developing and developed countries require more and more energy at lower cost and with less environmental impact in the execution of their activities. Likewise, LNG is an alternative to traditional gas pipelines, which has brought with it the expansion of the Natural Gas market. \nThe demand for LNG has been increasing in the last 20 years, reaching 258 MTPA (million tons per year) in 2016, representing an increase of 5.4% compared to 2015 in which 244.8 MTPA were imported. In turn, LNG trade is changing to meet the needs of buyers, including short-term and lower-volume contracts with greater degrees of flexibility. \nTherefore, this thesis analyzes the technical-economic viability for the implementation of a Natural Gas Liquefaction Plant for export. A project of this magnitude would provide Peru with capital investment, the creation of jobs, the creation of infrastructure, the generation of income through royalties and taxes, and a positive balance of foreign exchange from the export of energy. \n \nThe study is based on the fact that with the increase in proven reserves of natural gas at the end of 2016 and the declaration of commercialization of Lot 58, which has 2.19 TCF of proven natural gas reserves, the supply of raw material for the execution of this Research Project will be guaranteed. \nThe sizing of the Liquefaction Plant was determined when projecting the national production of natural gas, thus obtaining a processing capacity of 225 MMSCFD, equivalent to a production of 1.6 MTPA of LNG. It has also been necessary to implement a gas pipeline for own use for the supply of raw materials, as well as the construction of a maritime terminal to load liquefied gas in tanker ships. \nThe location of the Research Project has been based on certain location criteria, considering the capacity of the tankers and the route of the Camisea - Lurín gas pipeline, currently concessioned by TGP. \nWith the aforementioned, a total investment of 645 MMUSD has been estimated for the execution of the Research Project. \nThe study of objective markets for the sale of LNG produced has also been developed, with Asia being the main market, due to the increase in imports, recovery of the LNG JKM indicator and the change in its energy matrix, that is now dominated by nuclear energy and coal. \nFinally, the SPOT price of natural gas at the end of 2017, under the LNG JKM marker, is approximately 10.57 $ / MMBTU, with this, the profitability of the Research Project was evaluated through the Internal Rate of Return (IRR), the Net Present Value (NPV) and the period of investment recovery (PAY BACK), these being 19.64%, 295 MMUSD and 7 years respectively; In addition, the state will have an annual income of 84 MMUSD for the concept of royalties due to the export of natural gas.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,004 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».