SECULARISM, FEMINISM, AND ISLAMOPHOBIA: A STUDY OF ANTI-VEILING LAWS IN FRANCE AND QUEBEC
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Anti-veiling laws require Muslim women to un-cover parts of their bodies in order to work, go to school, or even walk in public space. Since 2004, French-style anti-veiling laws have been debated and enacted globally, including in Quebec, Canada. My research asks: How and why have anti-veiling laws been enacted in both France and Quebec? How have anti-veiling laws circulated transnationally between these two sites? What are the impacts of anti-veiling laws on Muslim women who practice veiling in France and Quebec? Using a qualitative approach, I spent nine-months conducting fieldwork research in Paris and Montreal between 2012 and 2014. I interviewed 47 Muslim women who currently, previously, or periodically wore a headscarf or face-veil, and/or who identified as activists who opposed anti-veiling laws. To analyse my data, I used Saidian citational analysis alongside a transnational feminist and critical race theoretical framework. The dissertation shows that political leaders in both France and Quebec used anti-veiling laws as a legal-political strategy to solidify their national identities around la nouvelle lacit, an identity-based secularism that takes Islam, rather than Catholicism, as its main interlocutor. It also shows how a number of politicians, feminists, and media purveyors facilitated the circulation of anti-veiling laws between France and Quebec by sharing common assumption, lexicons, knowledge, and expertise, and by forming powerful networks through traveling, organizing conferences, and writing books. My findings also demonstrate that anti-veiling laws increased Islamophobia in both France and Quebec, prompting veiled Muslim women to develop survival strategies to mitigate its impacts on their everyday lives. Survival strategies included changing the way they dressed; changing their jobs or studies; starting their own associations or businesses; withdrawing from society; engaging in political/feminist activism; and finally, migration (hijra). My findings suggest that instead of promoting secularism and gender equality, anti-veiling laws negatively impact Muslim womens education and employmentforcing them to choose between their religion and their daily survival. Their migration away from France/Quebec may also exacerbate labour shortages in sectors that require highly-skilled workers. Finally, I discuss threats to democratic minority rights that anti-veiling laws enable, including ongoing legal challenges to them.
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Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».