State of the art Underground Ventilation
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Ventilation is a key issue for underground facilities. The ventilation is needed to provide breathing air to personnel in the facilities, to provide good air quality by removing atmospheric contaminants such as gases and dust, to provide air conditioning (cooling/heating) for personnel in the facilities, and to provide oxygen and cooling for operating vehicles in the facilities. Electrical power to provide ventilation in an underground facility is one of the main components of the total power consumption in that facility. Depending on the surface climatic condition and the depth of the facility, air conditioning (heating/cooling) might be required. In a sub-arctic climate region such as in northern Sweden, the air has to be heated to prevent freezing airways and to provide a comfortable condition for the personnel, and when the facility is at a great depth (> 1000 m), due to high virgin rock temperature, the fresh air usually have to be cooled, like in deep mines in Australia, Canada, and South Africa. In Swedish deep mines, currently heat is not a serious issue, but it might become one in the future as the mines get deeper. The electrical power consumption can comprise up to 40% of the total underground mine power consumption, which is a significant proportion (e.g. Kocsis, 2009; Halim and Kerai, 2013). This feasibility study consists of a survey among the mining companies and tunnel owners (such as Trafikverket) and the universities that have done research and design projects within the field. The project has identified the current knowledge within this area, and the gap between the technology/practice used currently and the available technology, and the potential for further improvements in the future. A review on ventilation system in other areas such as buildings and farms was also carried out in order to identify any of its technologies that can be employed for improving ventilation system in underground facilities. This study found that there are several new technologies that can be used to address challenges faced by underground facilities in Sweden: improving air quality in the deep part and reducing ventilation costs. Several research proposals for investigating the application of these technologies are proposed in this report. The study also indicates that there is a lack of technical expertise in underground ventilation within the industries in Sweden. It was observed that in many cases, the person who is in charge of ventilation does not have a specialisation in underground ventilation. The same situation exists among universities in Sweden. An improvement has recently been made by Luleå University of Technology (LTU), in which it has recruited a Senior Lecturer with expertise in underground ventilation. The person has previously worked as a practitioner and as an academic in Australia, one of leading mining nations in the world. This is the first step to address this issue. However, there is still much work to be done. A specific training program to educate underground ventilation to practitioners in underground mines and traffic tunnels should be established in the future.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,005 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,005 | 0,005 |
| Science ouverte | 0,004 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,004 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,070 | 0,034 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».