Medically Unnecessary Genital Cutting and the Rights of the Child : Moving Toward Consensus
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The Brussels Collaboration on Bodily IntegrityWhat are the ethics of child genital cutting?In a recent issue of the journal, Duivenbode and Padela (2019) called for a renewed discussion of this question.Noting that modern healthcare systems "serve individuals with a wide array of preferences about how their bodies should look and function," they asked how physicians and policymakers should respond to requests for procedures "that may be rooted in cultural or religious values, or perhaps social preference rather than good medical practice" (p.4).The impetus for their paper was a recent high-profile U.S. federal court case-the first to test the 1996 American law prohibiting "female genital mutilation" (FGM).Legally, this refers to the intentional cutting or sewing of "the whole or any part of the labia majora or labia minora or clitoris of another person who has not attained the age of 18 years."No allowance is made for what the law calls "custom or ritual."The sole exception is for medical necessity. 1 We do not take a position on the legal merits of this sole exception.Instead, we seek to clarify and assess the underlying moral reasons for opposing all medically unnecessary genital cutting 2 of female minors, no matter how severe.We find that within a Western 1 18 U.S. Code 116.Female genital mutilation: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/116.A second exception is listed for certain obstetric procedures carried out by a licensed practitioner in connection with childbirth; however, conceptually, these fall under the same definition of medical necessity employed in Box 1. Note: we do not assume that the capacity to provide ethically valid consent to medically unnecessary genital cutting is necessarily tied to the age of legal majority, such as 18 in the federal statute.In some cases, persons under the age 18 may have sufficient maturity to make an adequately informed decision about whether to undergo a given body modification that may not be strictly medically necessary (see Murphy 2019).We will not enter into the philosophical debate about the precise conditions under which a legal minor can provide ethically valid consent to various procedures.However, the developing autonomy of young people is an important factor and we affirm that their considered preferences and values about their bodies should be taken seriously at any age. 2 We will follow Duivenbode and Padela (2019) in using the term "genital cutting" rather than "genital mutilation" to refer to the diverse set of practices described in Box 2, apart from our reference to the U.S. legal term and to the World Health Organization typology where applicable.For detailed discussions about this choice in terminology and the relevant background issues, see, e.g.,
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».