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Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The first chapter studies the labour force participation of older individuals during COVID-19. COVID-19 significantly changed the labour participation rates of older Canadians, leading to substantial flows among employment, unemployment, marginal attachment, and non-attachment. Using the Canadian Labour Force Survey (LFS), this paper examines the impact of these flows on the participation rates of older individuals and explores whether COVID-19 prompted early retirements. Unlike the Great Recession, the pandemic caused significant direct separations from employment to non-participation. Additionally, older women experienced slower participation rate recovery than men due to higher outflows and lower inflows. Notably, many individuals who initially became non-attached to the labour force in early 2020 transitioned back to employment in the following months of the same year. Generally, the pandemic did not increase older individuals' self-reported retirement transitions and reduced their probability of staying non-attached to the labour market. The second chapter examines the cyclicality of worker flows across experience levels in Canada. Using the LFS, I estimate individual monthly transition probabilities over business cycles conditional on labour-market experience and job tenure. The job-finding rate and separation rate are relatively more cyclical for the youth. I find that experience is a major contributor to the cyclical fluctuations in employer-to-employer probabilities, whereas tenure is a major contributor to the cyclicality of employment-to-nonemployment. The third chapter studies the evolution of the gender unemployment gap in Canada. The gender unemployment gap - defined as women's unemployment rates minus men's unemployment rates - was positive before 1990 but has remained negative since then. I decompose the gender unemployment gap into contributions from gender differences in transition flows between employment, unemployment, and non-participation. The results show that gender differences in flows between employment and non-participation have been positive contributors to the gap over time, while gender differences in employment-to-unemployment flows have been a significant negative contributor. Over the decades, the contribution of flows between employment and non-participation has been decreasing. As employment-to-unemployment flows continue to contribute negatively to the gap, the diminishing contribution of flows between employment and non-participation explains the flip of the gender unemployment gap from positive to negative. Furthermore, I find that differences in industry and occupation composition play a significant role in explaining the gender difference in employment-to-unemployment transition rates.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle