Anticipatory Postural Adjustments in Children：A Systematic Review
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Despite differing underlying mechanisms, the large effect sizes shared challenges in APAs among these groups, suggesting potential for common therapeutic approaches, such as task-specific training, to address APAs deficits across diverse populations. This study aimed to review previous studies on APAs in children, particularly focusing on muscle activation and center of pressure (COP) as key variables. Databases searched included PubMed, Scopus, and Google scholar. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies investigating APAs in children aged 3 to 18 years. Data extraction focused on temporal and quantitative parameters from force-plate and electromyography (EMG) measurements. Assessment of study quality was using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS). Data were meta-analyzed if studies employed similar measurements; otherwise, the results were reviewed narratively. Fifty studies were included, with 46 focusing on typical development (TD) children and 29 on children with special health need conditions, including cerebral palsy (CP) (15 studies), developmental coordination disorder (DCD) (5 studies), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (5 studies) and others (4 studies). Most studies utilized force-plate (31 studies) and EMG (29 studies) measurements.Although the APAs period's end was consistently defined as 50 ms after the initiation of focal movement, onset latencies varied by task. For example, APAs onset ranged from 100 ms before focal movement initiation during forearm reaching in sitting to 150 ms for a single-leg task. Developmentally, muscle onset latencies begin around ages 3-4, with latencies occurring approximately 500 ms before gait initiation and single-leg stance. As age increases, onset latencies progressively occur earlier, but those aged 14-16 haven’t yet reached adult-like latencies.Moreover, increased task difficulty corresponded with greater peak COP displacement and muscle activation amplitudes during APAs in TD children. For instance, in load lifting, COP peak displacement increased from 10.8% to 15.65% foot length under light and heavy conditions. Muscle activity also intensified, with medial hamstring activation rising from 700% to 1000% baseline under different loads. Compared to TD children, the results show delayed postural muscle onsets in children with DCD in the contralateral external oblique in goal-directed reaching and single-leg tasks in standing (SMD = 1.77, 95% CI [0.82, 2.71]), and in children with CP in the erector spinae during standing task (load lifting, catching and bilateral arm flexion) (SMD = 0.77, 95% CI [0.19, 1.36]). In the bimanual load lifting task in sitting, delayed postural muscle inhibition onsets in children with DCD in the brachioradialis (SMD = 0.99, 95% CI [0.47, 1.52]) compared with TD children. This review reconfirms APAs maturation is a gradual process extending into late adolescence, with children diagnosed with DCD, CP, and ASD experiencing significant delays However, the heterogeneity of the included studies limits the generalizability of these findings.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,004 | 0,019 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,006 | 0,008 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,006 | 0,006 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,005 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».