Phyllium cayabyabi Cumming, Foley, Hennemann, Le Tirant & Buscher 2025, sp. nov.

Phyllium cayabyabi Cumming, Foley, Hennemann, Le Tirant & Büscher sp. nov. Figs 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Type material. Holotype (♀): Indonesia • North Kalimantan, Malinau Regency, Tanjung Lapang Village, August 2020, Coll RC # 20-135 [IMQC]. Paratypes: (2 ♀♀, 1 ♂, 1 ♀ nymph, 3 eggs): (1 ♀ nymph, 1 ♂) Indonesia • North Kalimantan, Malinau Regency, Tanjung Lapang Village, August 2020 (1 ♂) Coll RC # 20-137; ♀ nymph # 20-136 [Coll RC]. (2 eggs) Indonesia • North Kalimantan, Malinau Regency, Tanjung Lapang Village, August 2020; # 20-138, # 20-139 [Coll RC]; (1 egg): Indonesia • North Kalimantan, Malinau Regency, Tanjung Lapang Village, August 2020 [Coll TB]; (2 ♀♀): Indonesia • North Kalimantan, Malinau Regency, Tanjung Lapang Village, August 2020 [IMQC]. Differentiation. Female Phyllium cayabyabi sp. nov. (Fig. 6) are most morphologically similar to Phyllium gantungense and Phyllium arthurchungi (likely also similar to the Phyllium cummingi female, but that sex is not yet known at this time so no direct comparison can be made) due to similar femoral lobe shapes / serration and boxy abdominal morphology. Phyllium cayabyabi sp. nov. can be differentiated from Phyllium gantungense by the ventral coxae coloration, as Phyllium gantungense has distinctly black ventral coxae coloration while Phyllium cayabyabi sp. nov. does not have distinct black spots (unfortunately the exact color of the ventral meta- and mesocoxae cannot be determined as the type specimens were poorly preserved and the coloration did not survive well enough to discern). Phyllium cayabyabi sp. nov. can be differentiated from Phyllium arthurchungi by the arrangement of nodes along the mesoprescutum as Phyllium arthurchungi has the nodes exclusively situated along the sagittal plane in a tight line, while Phyllium cayabyabi sp. nov. has the nodes only generally along the sagittal plane, meandering side to side of the central line (Fig. 6 E). Male Phyllium cayabyabi sp. nov. (Fig. 7) are similar to Phyllium arthurchungi, Phyllium cummingi, and Phyllium gantungense due to similar tegmina venation / length, the thorax shape and spination, the lobes of the legs, and the broad boxy bodies. Phyllium cayabyabi sp. nov. is most similar to Phyllium arthurchungi and the only feature we have found that might differentiate them is the abdominal shape, with Phyllium arthurchungi having a wider segment VI, and a slight undulation to segment VII, vs Phyllium cayabyabi sp. nov. which has a slightly narrower abdomen and segment VII with straight margins. Phyllium cayabyabi sp. nov. can be differentiated from Phyllium cummingi and Phyllium gantungense by abdominal segment V, which is Phyllium cayabyabi sp. nov. has widening margins, but in the other two species the margins are parallel. Eggs of Phyllium cayabyabi sp. nov. (Fig. 8) are unlike any known phylliid species egg due to the autapomorphic traits of spatulate pinnae with short chorionic outgrowths (Fig. 9 B) and hollow, columnar pinnae densely covering the entire egg surface (Fig. 9 D). While the above discussed species males and females all look very similar, only the eggs of Phyllium cayabyabi sp. nov. allow for reliable morphological differentiation. To contrast, the eggs of closely related species Phyllium gantungense and Phyllium arthurchungi (Fig. 1) both have large pits along their lateral surfaces arranged in a 2 × 4 pattern, completely unlike Phyllium cayabyabi sp. nov. eggs. Description. Female. Coloration. Coloration description is based upon photos of the type material shared with the authors of the live specimens prior to preservation. The general coloration is pale green throughout. The only areas that differ are the antennae that are somewhat orange / tan and some of the more prominent veins of the tegmina which are brown. Morphology. Head capsule longer than wide, with a vertex that is somewhat roughly textured, and marked with minimal granulation along the posterior (Fig. 6 A). The posteromedial tubercle is present, singularly lobed, but not very prominent (Fig. 6 A). Frontal convexity is broad and ending in a blunted point; there are several short setae across the surface. Compound eyes slightly protruding from the head capsule, not bulbous, taking up ~ ¼ of the head capsule lateral margins (Fig. 6 A). Ocelli absent. Antennal fields slightly wider than the first antennomere width. Antennae consist of ten segments, with the terminal segment approx. the same length as the preceding 2 ½ segments’ lengths combined (Fig. 10 A). Antennomeres I – VIII are smooth, and sparsely marked with short setae, the terminal two antennomeres are covered in short, dense setae, giving these segments a fuzzy appearance (Fig. 10 A). Stridulatory file of antennomere III has 33–35 teeth, and the stridulatory ridge has 33 or 34 teeth (Fig. 10 B). Thorax. Pronotum with slightly concave anterior margin and lateral margins that anteriorly start wide, angle inward strongly to the posterior margin which is ~ ½ the width of the anterior margin (Fig. 6 A). The pronotum anterior margin and the lateral margins have prominent rims, while the posterior margin is less prominent. The pronotum surface is relatively smooth, with only a prominent pit in the center and a distinct furrow anterior to the center (Fig. 6 A). Prosternum and the anterior 1 / 3 of the mesosternum are covered with irregularly spaced granulation; the remainder of the mesosternum and the metasternum are slightly wrinkled but lack nodes. Mesoprescutum slightly longer than wide, lateral rims with six or seven small tubercles (Fig. 6 E). Mesoprescutum anterior rim prominently raised into a distinct and finely pointed sagittal spine (Fig. 6 C). Mesoprescutum surface slightly lumpy and only slightly raised along the sagittal crest, which has several haphazardly located nodes along its length, not perfectly aligned along the plane (Fig. 6 E). Mesopleurae narrow for the anterior 1 / 3 until they begin to diverge and angle prominently away with nearly straight margins (Fig. 6 E). Mesopleuron lateral margin with six or seven medium sized nodes, mostly situated on the anterior 1 / 2, and the posterior 1 / 2 only has some minimal granulation (Fig. 6 E). Face of the mesopleuron slightly wrinkled (Fig. 6 E). Wings. Tegmina long, reaching the anterior margin of abdominal segment VIII. Tegmina venation; the subcosta (Sc) is the first vein in the forewing, running parallel with the margin for the first 1 / 2, and then bending and running towards the margin. The subcosta runs for ~ ¼ of the tegmina length. The radius (R) spans the central portion of the forewing with two subparallel (slightly diverging) branched veins; the first radius (R 1) branches ~ ¼ of the way through the wing length and terminates ~ 1 / 3 of the way through the wing length; the radial sector (Rs) branches ~ 1 / 3 of the way through the wing length and terminates near the distal 1 / 3 of the wing length. There is a weak continuation of the radius following the prominent Rs branching which continues on as a short but distinct R – M crossvein that weakly connects the two veins. The media (M) is bifurcate with both the media anterior (MA) and media posterior (MP) terminating near to the posterior of the tegmina. The cubitus (Cu) is also bifurcate, branching near the posterior ¼ of the wing into the cubitus anterior (CuA) and cubitus posterior (CuP) which both terminate near the wing apex. The first anal vein (1 A) is simple and fuses with the cubitus ~ ¼ of the way through the tegmina length. Alae vestigial, only small nubs. Abdomen. Abdominal segments II through the anterior ½ of IV gradually and uniformly diverging. The posterior ½ of segment IV through the anterior ½ of segment VII are only slightly diverging to the widest point of the abdomen. Abdominal segment VII is rounded ca 90 degrees with posterior margins angled almost directly inward where they meet the notably narrower segment VIII. Segments VIII – X have straight, converging margins ending in a broad rounded apex (Fig. 6 G). Genitalia. Subgenital plate starts at the anterior margin of tergum VIII, is moderately broad, and extends ¾ of the way onto tergum X. The shape is somewhat tiered into approximately three widths as it converges to a finely pointed apex (Fig. 6 F). Gonapophyses VIII are long and not particularly broad, exceeding the apex of the abdominal tergum X slightly; gonapophyses IX are obstructed from view (Fig. 6 F). Cerci flat, slightly broadening to the apical 1 / 3 into a somewhat blade-like end, with a slightly granular surface (Fig. 6 F). Legs. Profemoral exterior lobe broad and arching end to end, with a width slightly narrower than the width of the interior lobe (Fig. 6 A). Margin of the profemoral exterior lobe slightly granular (Fig. 6 A). Profemoral interior lobe slightly more than 2 × as wide as the greatest width of the profemoral shaft, approximately right angled, and marked with four large, triangular teeth with looping gaps between them, arranged in a two-wide gap-two pattern (Fig. 6 A). Mesofemoral interior and exterior lobes approx. as wide as the mesofemoral shaft width. Mesofemoral exterior lobe with two small, distally pointing teeth on the distal ½ of the lobe with a wide gap between them. Mesofemoral exterior lobe is somewhat angled, not as smoothly arching as in the interior lobe. Mesofemoral interior lobe with six small, distally pointing teeth on the distal 2 / 3 of the lobe, with the teeth somewhat arranged into pairs. Metafemoral interior lobe arcs end to end, with the proximal 1 / 3 notably thinner and smooth and slightly widening out to the distal 2 / 3 which is wider and armed with seven or eight dulled, small teeth. Metafemoral exterior lobe lacks dentation, is thinner than the shaft width, and runs parallel with the shaft throughout its length. Protibia exterior lacking a lobe (Fig. 6 A). Protibiae interior lobe spans the entire length of the protibiae (although the distal end is very thin and not prominent) and

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