CRIMINALIZATION OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AS ATROCITY CRIMES IN ETHIOPIA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
In international criminal law sexual violence that happened in conflict zone are considered as atrocity crimes this includes genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. Sexual violence in atrocity crime is very broad and it may be committed against women, girls, men and boys. These include rape, enforced pregnancy, enforced prostitution, enforced sterilization, sexual slavery and the like. Those acts are mostly committed by military troops against civilians for furtherance of the war or they used as a tactic of war to intimidate, humiliate and threat the community at large. Under international laws particularly in the Rome statute(ICC) acts sexual violence are recognized in broad manner than the previous instruments such as in Geneva Conventions, genocide convention, the ICTY and ICTR charters. Maney countries adopted and ratified the statute and incorporated in their domestic criminal laws and implemented. Among these DRC and Canada are incorporated and recognized sexual violence as atrocity crimes in their domestic laws and implemented them. However, when we compare the above international laws and countries laws, Ethiopia did not have comprehensive legal frame work with regard to criminalizing sexual violence as atrocity crimes. Because, in the penal code and in the revised criminal code other than recognizing rape and enforced prostitution considered as war crimes but not recognized others forms of sexual violence.The other problem is the criminal code not recognized crimes against humanity which constitute high percent of sexual violence in conflict than other atrocity crimes in our country. The other gap Ethiopia is non member to the ICC which defined sexual violence in broad and systematic manner as that of other country such as DRC and Canada that the researcher selected as a lesson for Ethiopia in comparative. This research intends to explore the extent to which Ethiopia legal fram works in criminalizing sexual violence as atrocity crimes, the challenges and its impacts in comparative particularly with ICC, DRC and Canada. The study has conducted based on analizing legal instruments and literatures, interviews and experiences of other countries comparatively. Moreover, finding of the study has revealed that the absence of comprehensive legal frame works that recognized sexual violence as atrocity crimes in our country domestically and align with international laws and these affected the prosecution of perpetrators or encouraged impunity and by this the holocaust survivors has denied justice.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».