Diversification of annual cropping sequences with perennial forage seed crops
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Identifying profitable cropping systems from a sustainable perspective is crucial for addressing the challenges faced in modern farming. A truly sustainable cropping system can ensure farm profitability, promote environmental stewardship, and advance social equity. In this study, we explored the potential of cropping system diversification as a strategy to achieve the sustainability goals. We hypothesized that integrating perennial forage seed crops into cropping systems would increase productivity and profitability while enhancing soil and environmental health. To test this, a field study was initiated in 2013 at Beaverlodge Research Farm, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Alberta to identify beneficial cropping systems. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design randomized complete block design with four replicates. Eight different cropping sequences were considered main-factor treatments and three nitrogen levels (0, 45, 90 kg ha-1) were assigned in sub-plots. The cropping sequences included four annual crops (canola [Brassica napus L.], wheat [Triticum aestivum L.], pea [Pisum sativum L.], and barley [Hordeum vulgare L.]), three perennial grasses (creeping red fescue [Festuca rubra L.], meadow bromegrass [Bromus riparius Rehm.], and timothy [Phleum pratense L.]), and two perennial legumes (alsike clover [Trifolium hybridum L.], and red clover [Trifolium pratense L.]). Among the eight cropping sequences treatments, six were diversified with both perennial forage legumes and grasses to compare with annual-based traditional sequences. The productivity of the cropping system was evaluated based on seed yield and expressed as canola equivalent yield (CEY), while gross revenue and gross margin were used as profitability metrics for uniform comparison among the tested sequences. Soil samples were collected from 0-15 cm depth over short- and long-term periods to assess soil physical, chemical, and biological properties that are sensitive to change with cropping system diversification. The CEY, gross revenue, and gross margin were notably higher in the legume to vernalizing grass rotation, regardless of nitrogen fertility level. The higher seed price of the perennial legume (red clover) and the higher seed yield and price of the vernalizing grass (meadow bromegrass) during their production phases provided an opportunity to capitalize on favorable seasonal weather and local market demands. However, the aboveground biomass yield was significantly higher in annual cropping sequences and improved with increasing nitrogen rates as compared to perennial forage-based sequences. Soil health indicators such as soil organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, active carbon, and the activities of carbon and nitrogen cycling enzymes were significantly improved with the inclusion of perennial forages in annual cropping systems. Specifically, the creeping red fescue dominated cropping sequence exhibited higher soil aggregate stability and structural resilience as compared to other sequences. However, soil compaction, bulk density, pH, water infiltration rates, and water content at field capacity showed no significant differences among cropping sequences tested in this study. In summary, the perennial forage seed crops-based cropping system can be adopted to optimize farm profits while improving soil health under soil-climatic conditions similar to those of the Peace River region in western Canada.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».