Commercial and Purified Phosphonate Scale Inhibitors in Carbonate Systems: Retention, Release, and Supernatant Reactivity
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide This paper describes a study of the interactions of diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) (DETPMP), one of the most widely used phosphonate scale inhibitors (SIs), with carbonate substrates. Much previous work has appeared on this topic, but here, we present results addressing key gaps identified in earlier studies. The experimental program focused on four main areas: (i) static adsorption/compatibility analysis of DETPMP at both 95 and 21 °C. Static tests revealed that SI retention mechanisms are significantly more active at elevated temperatures compared to 21 °C, where only minimal adsorption was observed. At 21 °C with initial pH 0 = 4, calcite dissolution occurs, and Ca 2+ may interact with DETPMP, but precipitate formation is minimal. The SI’s concentration primarily governs pH behavior under these conditions. The experimental results presented here provide data to validate computational modeling work reported in a separate study (Kalantari Meybodi et al., Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2024, 133535). (ii) Precipitation and re-dissolution tests of DETPMP_Ca complexes, which were conducted across a temperature range of 21–95 °C, with a subsequent larger-scale test at 95 °C. For systems with high [Ca 2+ ], the smaller-scale experiments yielded similar masses of precipitate (post-filtration and oven-drying) across all temperatures. The stoichiometries of the DETPMP_Ca complexes formed were determined using two methods: direct analysis of redissolved precipitates in distilled water/HCl and indirect measurement of Δ[Ca] and Δ[DETPMP] from supernatant solutions, both using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The stoichiometric analysis revealed that the excess [Ca 2+ ] and initial pH of 8.5, rather than temperature, governed the reaction, almost achieving maximum complexation (5 ligands) between Ca 2+ and DETPMP in solution. The precipitates were characterized using ESEM-EDX and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). ESEM-EDX surface imaging and compositional analysis demonstrated that the complexes had amorphous structures under all temperature conditions, while TGA results showed that the complexes had decreasing water content with increasing preparation temperature. (iii) The purified SIs obtained at 95 °C were used to examine how removing phosphorus-containing impurities affects inhibition and adsorption performance. A series of inhibition efficiency (IE) and static adsorption experiments compared purified and commercial DETPMP. Their effectiveness in preventing BaSO 4 precipitation was assessed by measuring Δ[Ba 2+ ] before and after the addition of DETPMP to the brines using ICP analysis. Results demonstrated that purified materials exhibited very similar barium sulfate inhibition efficiency to commercial products, indicating that the impurities did not significantly influence the inhibition process. Comparative adsorption studies revealed higher apparent adsorption values for purified DETPMP, attributed to the impurities in the commercial products being measured as active DETPMP concentrations despite not participating in the adsorption process. It is shown how this can easily be corrected and accounted for in our results. (iv) The supernatant solution from the DETPMP_Ca complexation process was analyzed following initial precipitation. The effectiveness of this supernatant solution was then evaluated for BaSO 4 scale inhibition. The results indicated that these residuals showed almost no efficiency in inhibiting BaSO 4 formation. Subsequently, precipitation experiments were conducted to further investigate the complexation and precipitation behavior of the supernatant materials, revealing that only small amounts of DETPMP_Ca complexes were actually present; i.e., the relatively high apparent “DETPMP” concentration was mainly (P-containing) impurity and not DETPMP.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».