Implementation of a Blackstart cranking path sequence operation through PMU
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The complexity of the interactions due to the integration of inverter-based resources and changes in generation mix is forcing utilities to focus on identifying blackstart cranking path sequences to restore the power system in the shortest period of time. This requires the use of an on-site generation unit or blackstart resources to start up and produce power without the need for an external (off-site) power source when recovering from a blackout event that involves the loss of many generation units.This paper presents a blackstart approach by Southern California Edison (SCE) using a subregional island methodology that is comprised of a self-starting unit used to start a larger generating unit(s) through energization of few generator step-up transformers, transmission line(s), and starting of motors and other auxiliary loads needed to restart non-blackstart generating units. Energization of the unloaded transmission line(s) during a blackstart is a critical step, as the charging current causes a voltage rise along the transmission line. The charging current could be significantly high that the blackstart generation unit will absorb reactive power. Regular studies are performed to verify that the proposed blackstart restoration plans are compliant with voltage and frequency operation limits, as well as to ensure that the blackstart generating unit is capable of absorbing reactive power within its limits under the lightly-loaded blackstart condition. Also, it is important to ensure that the magnitude, duration, and harmonic content of the transformer inrush current will not cause resonance issues. Also, a key concern is ensuring that abnormal system conditions and faults are detected during transmission line energization, and other steps of power system restoration. This is especially true for transmission lines that transverse through wildfire prone areas. Energization of a downed conductor could ignite a wildfire and is a concern for public safety. During the broken conductor condition and lightly-loaded line conditions, the expected performance of the protection system may be compromised, as the current magnitude may be below the relay set threshold or a pickup current.In order to facilitate the restoration process, a synchrophasor-based wide area scheme is used to guide the operator during the blackstart cranking path sequence, using the line protection relays to send the real-time current and voltage measurements to a central controller for monitoring the line health, as well as any failing conductor conditions. Additional relays in critical locations are also used to obtain node voltage and current measurement points required to avoid any switching error. The architecture of the restoration system used is presented in this paper, including the topology, sequence logic and steps followed, as well as the HMI for the blackstart restoration process.
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Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,006 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
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