"Thou land of hope for all who toil"? The effects of social resources on job search and job outcome of skilled immigrants in Toronto (Ontario)
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Contrary to the expectations of assimilation theory, job contacts used by respondents even for the job at the time of survey remained predominantly co-ethnic. Moreover, with time, there was increasing participation in the ethnic-related economy. Nevertheless, the use of co-ethnic ties led more often to jobs in the mainstream---usually good jobs with high occupational status. But jobs in the ethnic economy at the time of survey, while slightly inferior to mainstream economy jobs, were mainly good jobs, thanks to the almost institutionally complete Chinese ethnic economy in Toronto which provided opportunities in many professions. Distinction between mainstream and ethnic economy jobs was not significant. Previous research indicated that social resources significantly affected job search outcome for the general population. This study tests whether this also holds true for skilled immigrants. Based on a survey and in-depth interviews of university graduates from Hong Kong in Toronto, it finds that social resources were also key to their job search. While these skilled immigrants lacked social resources immediately after settlement, with time, they established ties, especially Canadian work ties. These ties were instrumental in their obtaining jobs that were of higher occupational status and better matches for their skills and work experience. Their job search pattern grew to resemble mid-career job changes among professionals and managers. Evidence points to social resources, especially in the form of contact status reached, acting as an intervening variable between the human capital endowment of the immigrant and his/her job search outcome. The lack of social resources could be an important but rarely explored explanation for the widespread occupational status dislocation and income disparity experienced by immigrants. The study also found that job search outcome was significantly related to the type of occupation held by the respondent, which also impacted on the method of job search. Confirming previous findings, immigrants found accessing managerial jobs and jobs in other people- and service-oriented occupations most difficult. Because these occupations required linguistic and cultural sensitivity, skills were less portable internationally. Immigrants need personal intermediaries to find such jobs precisely because such skills were not evident in their credentials.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,004 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,003 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».