Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Israeli-U.S. relations are an important factor in U.S. policy in the Middle East, and Congress has placed considerable emphasis on the maintenance of a close and supportive relationship.The main vehicle for expressing support for Israel has been foreign aid; Israel currently receives about $3 billion per year in economic and military grants, refugee settlement assistance, and other aid.Congress has monitored aid closely along with other issues in bilateral relations, and its concerns have affected Administration's policies.U.S.-Israeli relations have evolved from an initial American policy of sympathy and support for the creation of a Jewish homeland in 1948 to an unusual partnership that links a small but militarily powerful Israel, dependent on the United States for its economic and military strength, with the U.S. superpower trying to balance competing interests in the region.Some in the United States question the levels of aid and general commitment to Israel, and argue that a U.S. bias toward Israel operates at the expense of improved U.S. relations with various Arab states.Others maintain that democratic Israel is a strategic ally; they further argue that U.S. relations with Israel strengthens the U.S. presence in the IB82008 11-29-04 CRS-1 MOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTSOn November 29, 2004, secular Shinui Party head and Justice Minister Tommy Lapid threatened to pull his 15-member party out of the Likud-led coalition because Prime Minister Sharon offered $98 million to two religious parties for distribution to their affiliated organizations.Observers speculated that the grants were intended to secure the religious parties' support in the budget vote.The Israeli Defense Ministry approved a new route for the wall separating the Israeli settlements from the Palestinian areas on the West Bank that reportedly will reduce the amount of land taken by Israel from 91,000 hectares (225,000 acres) to 40,000 hectares (99,000 acres).The IDF rerouted the barrier to comply with a June 2004 Supreme Court ruling that sections of the fence created hardships for the Palestinians.Four members of the National Religious Party announced that they were withdrawing from the Likud-led coalition government on November 9, 2004.The NRP pulled out because Prime Minister Sharon refused to hold a referendum on the Gaza withdrawal plan.The defection left Likud with 55 votes in the 120 seat Knesset.Two of the six NRP members left the coalition earlier.11-29-04 CRS-2 United States attempted to balance its stated commitment to Israel with other regional commitments and interests.Israel and the United States share the view that the United States has a predominant role and responsibility in Middle East peace-making, but Israel has disagreed with the U.S. view of its role as an even-handed peace broker among the parties to Arab-Israeli disputes.Most Israelis and Israeli supporters have wanted the United States to favor only Israeli positions.U.S. arms transfers to Arab countries have been striking examples of friction in Israeli-U.S. relations because they underscore the difference in attitudes toward Arab countries and because Israel perceived arms transfers to Arabs as threatening its security. Israel and Recent U.S. AdministrationsCarter Administration (1977Administration ( -1981) ) The Carter years were characterized by very active U.S. involvement in the Middle East peace process, and, as a consequence, led to some friction in U.S.-Israeli bilateral relations.The Carter-initiated Camp David peace process was viewed by some in Israel as creating U.S. pressures on Israel to withdraw from occupied territories and to take risks for the sake of peace with Egypt.President Carter's support for a Palestinian "homeland" and for Palestinian political rights created additional tensions.Some argue that the final text of the Camp David accords represented Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin's success in limiting Israeli requirements to deal with the Palestinians.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,008 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,003 | 0,005 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,003 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,009 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,003 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,006 | 0,003 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,555 | 0,485 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».