An Evaluation of Three Styles of Jet Nebulizers: Standard Jet, Breath Enhanced, and Breath Actuated/Breath Enhanced
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Background: Inhaled medications delivered via nebulizer are less dependent upon patient effort and technique when compared to pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDI) and are often used in acute care settings for this reason. Because pMDIs can deliver medications so quickly, design improvements of standard jet nebulizers have been made to create high efficiency nebulizers that include the breath enhancement (BE), which utilizes entrained flow to make more drug available for inhalation, and the breath actuated (BA) feature which only emits medication upon inhalation. Methods: Three different nebulizers were evaluated (no. = 5); one BA/BE (AeroEclipse II), one BE only (TurboMist), and one constant output SJN (Misty Max10). Each nebulizer was loaded with 3 mL of 2.5 mg albuterol sulfate solution with the gas flow set to deliver 8 L/min. The nebulizer was connected to a spontaneous breathing servo lung model (ASL 5000) with the following settings: VT 500 mL, frequency 10, and I:E ratio of 1:2. A filter was placed between the mouthpiece of the nebulizer and the test lung to capture inspired aerosol. Gas flow was stopped every minute and the filter exchanged for a fresh one. Nebulizer output was determined by rinsing the filter medium in methanol and then placing the filtrate into HPLC. Parallel measurements of fine droplet fraction (FDF < 4.7 μm) were made using a Spraytec laser diffractometer. Fine droplet mass was determined as the product of recovered mass and FDF < 4.7 μm. Results: The run length was determined by the nebulizer with the shortest run time, TurboMist approximately 4 min. All Fine Droplet Mass (FDM) or dosing in the respirable range of 1-5 µm was reported at the 4-min mark though some nebulizers had more medication left in the cup. Post hoc analysis was performed using Tukey’s honest significant difference; AeroEclipse II FDM 305.2 ± 73.3 differed from the FDM of both the TurboMist (202.5 ± 11.9) and Misty Max (180.3 ± 16.8), P < .01. The difference in FDM between the TurboMist and the Misty Max was P < .01 (Fig 1). Conclusions: Being able to provide adequate medication delivery over a shorter period is desirable, first to elicit relief for the patient, but also to promote efficiency in workflow. Even though the AeroEclipse II still had medication left to nebulize, performing a 4 min timed dose still allowed for a 33% increase in respirable dose over TurboMist and a 41% increase over Misty Max 10 allowing the user to get more medication into the distal airways in a short period of time.Table 1: Fine droplet mass by nebulizer over four minutesFigure 1: Fraction of delivered output mass with particles < 4.7 μm.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».