A Study on Carrier s Liability Requirements for Passengers in International Carriage by air: Focusing on the effects of COVID-19 on Accident, Bodily injury and Mental injury(PTSD) -
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The international air carriage industry has undergone many changes in legal systems since the Warsaw system in the past based on the quantitative growth of the related market. However, the Montreal Convention(1999) still had the same problems as it made the error of repeating the existing problems while modernizing the Warsaw Convention. In such a situation, the aviation industry has been hit unprecedentedly by the global infectious disease called the COVID-19 pandemic. The first issue is the definition of ‘accident’ in the Warsaw Convention and the Montreal Convention on Passenger Injury under the problems of the Convention and the circumstances of the times. The U.S. and European Supreme Courts define an “accident” as an unexpected, unusual, external event to the passenger. However, the European Court of Justice (CJEU) deviated from the conventional interpretation by not requiring a risk of air travel or in connection with the operation of the aircraft. Presumably, this is a judgment that will be very welcomed according to the trend of the times, as it focuses on protecting the interests of passengers by expanding the scope of ‘accidents’. In addition, since infection of COVID-19 in an aircraft corresponds to an ‘unusual or unexpected, external event to the passenger’, it can constitute an ‘accident’ under the Convention. The second issue is whether mental injuries are included in “bodily injury”. In order to examine this issue, the changes in related theories and precedents were examined by classifying bodily injuries by type. As it turns out, especially with regard to pure mental injury, the court denied the air carrier s liability. Therefore, it seems difficult to accept liability for air carriers on the basis of post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD), which is a type of pure mental injury. On the other hand, in many US courts, the liability for compensation was affirmed by acknowledging the causal connection for mental injury flowing from physical harm(bodily injury). Furthermore, the latest precedent does not require a causal connection between bodily injury and mental injury, thus confirming that an amendment to the provisions of Article 17 of the Montreal Convention to explicitly stipulate ‘mental injury’ is necessary for the protection of air passengers. In addition, this case is an important case that can be the basis for compensation for mental damages related to COVID-19 infection in aircraft in the current Covid-19 situation, and this study is judged to be more meaningful for preparation for the post-COVID era.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,007 | 0,035 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,003 | 0,003 |
| Communication savante | 0,005 | 0,004 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,003 | 0,005 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,014 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».