Tar Sands and the Keystone XL Oil Pipeline
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Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Fossil fuels--coal, oil, and natural gas--account for about 90% of global energy use (Botkin and Keller 2011). Crude oil--a complex mixture of hydrocarbons--is refined into gasoline, heating oil, asphalt, plastics, kerosene, and other products. Some analysts believe that peak cheap (when Earth's supply of reasonably priced oil runs out) is only a couple of decades away (see On the web). Consequently, more countries are pursuing unconventional sources of oil, including tar sands and oil shale. Oil shale is a type of sedimentary rock containing kerogen, which yields oil when heated. Tar sands (or oil sands) contain bitumen, which yields oil when mixed with hot water. Many analysts believe these unconventional sources of oil will buy us time (see On the web). Let's look more closely at tar sands. Tar sands The United States Department of Energy provides basic background information about tar sands (see On the web). Tar sands are very unevenly distributed around the planet, with about 75% of known deposits near Alberta, Canada. These deposits provide about 10% of North American oil production (Botkin and Keller 2011), and that percentage is expected to rise. Pipelines help move this oil to the United States. As demand for the oil grows, controversy abounds about the possible economic and environmental effects of further development of Canadian tar sands. Keystone XL pipeline TransCanada, a major Canadian energy company, has been working for almost five years to get approval to build an extension to its pipeline system to carry oil from the tar sands region of Alberta to multiple locations in the United States. The Keystone XL Pipeline, as the extension is known, has faced opposition from both American refineries and environmentalists. Recently, despite a rerouting of the proposed line, President Obama postponed any final decision on approval of the pipeline extension until 2013 (see On the web). Classroom activities You'll find a plethora of educational resources from Canada, the global tar sand leader. Various Canadian schools have projects and activities to help students understand the tar sand industry, from the players involved to the potential environmental impacts. The University of British Columbia has a take-home experiment in which students can explore the physics of tar sands by analyzing various methods of separating canola oil and water (see On the web). …
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle