Laurentian and African Great Lakes--Different Strategies in the Fight Against Invasive Species

See E. 0. Odada & D. 0. Olago, Challenges of an Ecosystem Approach to Water Monitoring and Management of the African Great Lakes, 9 AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM HEALTH & MGMT.433 (2006).2. The phrase "exotic species" in this context should not be confused with rare species such as birds, snakes, or monkeys, which are illegally trafficked.3. EDWARD L. MILLS ET AL., ExoTIc SPECIES IN THE GREAT LAKES: A HISTORY OF IND.INT'L & COMP.L. REV.harmful impacts that humans have had on ecosystems around the globe.4 When these invasive species become established in a new ecosystem, they have less competition for resources and fewer natural predators.These factors keep populations stable in their native habitat, but reproduction rates explode in the new ecosystem.sThis causes a host of ecological and economical harms including the destruction of indigenous species, the destruction of habitats, an increase in diseases, and negative impact on human activities that are connected to these ecosystems. A. Laurentian Great Lakes and the Asian CarpThe Laurentian Great Lakes are the world's largest group of fresh water surface lakes.'They were formed between 14,000 and 4,000 years ago by the retreat of glaciers at the end of the most recent Wisconsin ice age BIOTIC CRISES AND ANTHROPOGENIC INTRODUCTIONS4 (1991), archived at http://perma.cc/9Y96-RQK6.Executive Order 13112 defines these organisms as, "(a) 'Alien species' means, with respect to a particular ecosystem, any species, including its seeds, eggs, spores, or other biological material capable of propagating that species, that is not native to that ecosystem."sec. 1, Exec.Order No. 13,112, 64 Fed.Reg.6183 (Feb.3, 1999).The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 2012 defines aquatic invasive species as, any non-indigenous species, including its seeds, eggs, spores, or other biological material capable of propagating that species, that threatens or may threaten the diversity or abundance of aquatic native species, or the ecological stability, and thus water quality, or water quality of infested waters, or commercial, recreational, or other activities dependent on such waters.Protocol Amending the Agreement Between the United States of America and Canada on Great Lakes Water Quality, 1978, as amended on October 16, 1983 and on November 18, 1987, U.S.-Can., annex 6(E), Sept. 7, 2012 [hereinafter 2012 Protocol Amending GLWQA], archived at http://perma.cc/GDX2-RBRA.4. Edward L. Mills et al., Exotic Species and the Integrity of the Great Lakes: Lessons From the Past, 44 BIOSCIENCE 666, 666 (1994).Invasive species have been labeled as the second biggest cause of species endangerment and extinction.The combined impact was larger than "global warming, excessive harvesting, pollution, and disease."PROTECTING OUR 24 (2005), archived at http://perma.cc/TMD6-2XJ4.Other reports have found that 46 percent of endangered species have been affected by invasives. GREAT LAKES: BALLAST WATER AND THE IMPACT OF INVASIVE SPECIES

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