Notice bibliographique
Résumé
ABSTRACT.Fiducia is a new institution that originates from the institution of specific to equity law, introduced in the Romanian law system, by the New Civil Code in 2011. The New Romanian Civil Code defines as a legal operation, by which one or more constitutors transfer real rights, accounts receivable, or other patrimonial rights, or a group of such rights, future and present, to one or more fiduciaries that exercise them with a specific purpose, in the benefit of one or more beneficiaries. These rights create an autonomous patrimony, distinct from other rights and obligations that the fiduciaries have. The provisions of the New Civil Code regarding are very similar to the ones of other European civil codes and also present some similarities with the ones of the Civil Code of Quebec. An important aspect of this complex operation is that the fiduciary is considered a real owner of the goods that are the object of the fiduciary contract and in this quality he can exercise all the rights that the proprietor would have. However the duration of the transfer cannot exceed 33 years, after which the patrimonial mass is transferred to the beneficiary, or if the beneficiary is absent, it returns to the constitutor. Also, in matters regarding the administration of the fiduciary patrimony, whenever there is no special regulation, general rules of administration will be applied.Keywords: fiducia; contract; New Civil Code; trust1. PreliminariesInitially, was a real contract in Roman law, starting with the beginning of the classical era, together with mutuum (a form of loan for perishable goods), the pledge, commodate, and deposit. Fiducia was a contract consisting in the alienation of a good, followed by a convention through which the receiver of that good was obliged to return it at a fixed term. There were two types of fiducia, cum creditore (a real contract consisting in the guarantee of a debt by transferring the property of a good by the debtor to his creditor. The creditor was obliged to return the good when the debt was paid) and cum amico (a loan based on trust) (Cococ, Magureanu, 2012: 108). Fiducia was not isolated from the solemn means of transmitting the property, but was an indivisible juridical operation, inscribed on mancipatio or on in iure cessio, meaning it could not be separated from them. As a result, the debtor was competing with other creditors of his creditor and was able to obtain only a fraction of the value of the goods that he was giving as a guarantee, even if he was paying his debt in full.We must note however, that the introduced in the New Civil Code, in 2011, does not originate from Roman law, but from the French institution which, at its turn is inspired by the an institution specific to Anglo-Saxon law. Even if in Romanian law is greatly inspired by the French civil code (art. 2011-2030), it shares some elements with the regulated, for example by the Civil Code of Quebec (art. 1260-1370). There are numerous similarities between fiducia and the trust, however the differences between them prevent us from considering the two terms as synonyms for the same juridical institution (for example, in order to create a the sole manifestation of will of the constitutor will suffice, while will always originate from a written contract).Prior to the regulation of this institution in our New Civil Code, there was no stipulation regarding fiducia, in Romanian law, excepting the Law nr. 51/1995 regarding the profession of lawyer. According to art. 3 of this Law, the lawyer was having the possibility to place and capitalize certain assets that were given to him as a deposit by his clients.2. The Separation of PatrimonyFiducia is based on another institution, also new for our legal system. According to the New Civil Code [art. 31, para. (2)] the patrimony may be divided or appropriated to a purpose, but only to the extent provided by law (similar to art. …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».