Bibliographic record
Abstract
Judicial review is often thought to be an absolute veto, killing legislation with no hope of resurrection. The adoption of review, therefore, is understood to be a potentially severe qualification to democratic government. It was this understanding that once drove American progressives such as Theodore Roosevelt to endorse judicial recall that would have allowed the people to rule by overriding constitutional doctrine;' that led Canada to include notwithstanding clause in its Charter, shielding legislation from nullification;2 and that now spurs some to urge remaining Westminster systems to resist pressures to curb parliamentary sovereignty with review. But how warranted is this assumption? Creative and persistent legislators will try to reanimate these statutory corpses, and it is an open question whether disapproval really lays issue to rest. Congress is sometimes quick to try to resuscitate at federal level what Court strikes down at state level. Often these legislative exertions are serious only as political theater. The Flag Protection Act of 19894 and Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003' come to
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.196 | 0.091 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".