Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Great Plains, extending from the Missouri River valley in the east to the base of the Rocky Mountains in the west, and from Canada south to Mexico, is the largest biome in North America. Although flatness is popularly believed to be the distinguishing characteristic of the plains, its topography is quite varied. Between 50 and 70 million years ago, surging molten rock from beneath the earth's surface created the Black Hills of western South Dakota and several ranges in Montana, among them the Highwood, Bearpaw, Judith, and Crazy Mountains. During the last five to ten million years, geological forces have carved a multitude of hills and bluffs in the region, from the Badlands of South Dakota to the Flint Hills of Kansas. Generally, the area between the Rocky Mountains and the Missouri River slopes from 5,000 feet above sea level at the base of the mountains to 2,000 feet above sea level at the Missouri. An ubiquitous flatness exists only to the east of the Missouri and in the Llano Estacado, or Staked Plains of west Texas. In general, the region consists of many landscapes: primarily shortgrass and mixed-grass rolling plains but also wooded river valleys and high, forested hills.(See Map 1.1.) The Mandan Indians, whose villages on the banks of the Missouri date from at least the thirteenth century, attributed the variety of the western Great Plains landscape to their chief god.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.042 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".