The influence of Muhammad 'Abduh on Harun Nasution's theological discourse
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This essay attempts to describe the influence of a prominent Muslim Egyptian scholar in the early nineteenth century, who initiated a reform movement in a scholar from the Indo-Malay world. Muhammad 'Abduh (1265-1323 A.H./1849-1905 C.E.) was regarded as the founder of Islamic modernism, an intellectual trend in religious thought to make Islam capable of facing the advent of modernization. He had advocated the importance of rationalism in the understanding of religion with the hope to liberate the Muslims' mind from stagnation, so as to enable them to progress in tandem with the process of modernization. Hiirun Nasution (1337-1419 A.H./1919-1998 C.E.), a prominent scholar of lndonesia was greatly influenced by 'Abduh's rational approach in religion. The impact of 'Abduh on Harun Nasution was obvious. The latter's work, Muhammad 'Abduh dan Teologi Rational Mu'tazilah was in fact his Ph.D. thesis at the McGill University completed in 1968 under the title The place of reason in 'Abduh's theology; Its impact on his theological system and views. Harun Nasution had called for the revival of the Mu'tazilah theology as an effective means to propel the ummah to greater heights vis-a-vis to the demands of modernization.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.022 | 0.022 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".