Comparing Apples to Oranges: An Evaluation of Quarter Calendar Data in the Delaware Study of Instructional Costs and Productivity.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An indicator-dilution method is described for measuring fetal pulmonary fluid, FPF, volume (Ve), and volume change with time (Vs) in the lamb fetus in utero. The indicator, albumin, which is the predominant protein of normal FPF, was administered directly to FPF in the form of radio-iodinated human serum albumin (RISA). We have shown that (1) RISA is distributed homogeneously throughout the FPF compartment, (2) it is not altered within FPF, (3) it does not alter the functional characteristics of FPF, and (4) it remains within the FPF compartment throughout the period of measurement. Ve varies directly with the weight of the fetus so that Ve per kilogram was 31.6-35.6 ml/kg in four of five fetuses. The Ve per kilogram was lower in one fetus at the start of the experiment but increased rapidly to 29.0 ml/kg within 45 min. Thus the relaxation volume of the fetus in utero is in the range of functional residual capacity (FRC) and thoracic gas volume of the air-breathing neonate, which indicates that the pulmonary transformation at birth is, in essence, an isovolumic change in state wherein the fetal liquid-lung becomes the neonatal air-lung. The rate at which FPF is formed (Vs) is about 1.5 ml/hr-kg; however, the rate may change in so far as both rapid increases and rapid decreases of FPF volume were observed. When breathing movements were induced in the fetus by stimulation of the sciatic nerve, FPF volume decreased rapidly (Vs equals -3.0 ml/hr-kg), which indicates that negative intrathoracic pressures promote its resorption. When FPF volume fell transiently or was low initially, there was subsequent rapid restoration of volume to the range of anticipated FRC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.017 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".