Subsiding subsidies and affordable fares : an international comparison of local transport subsidies [Published as: Local transport subsidies and affordable fares : international comparisons]
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between institutional arrangements for financing buses and the policy\ngoals that bus services are expected to address in France, The Netherlands, Canada and the United States.\nThere is a particular focus on the aims behind public transport development, what this means for fare levels,\nand how any necessary subsidies are funded. There is a common theme that, to be effective, transport and\nenvironmental policies require affordable fares; yet this is in conflict with fiscal policies seeking to reduce\npublic spending. International best practice shows that there are ways to reconcile this conflict, and these\nexperiences need to be understood for affordable fares to become part transport policy in the UK.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it