Bibliographic record
Abstract
ANN ARBOR, MICH—Mounting concerns that US consumers’ appetite for low-cost prescription medications from Canadian Internet pharmacies will erode their northern neighbors’ public health could extinguish such cross-border distribution schemes, say some experts from north of the border. Recently, Canadians have faced reports of medication shortages and notices of price increases, despite their country’s system of price controls on patented medications. Experts say the monetary lure of Internet pharmacies entices pharmacists to trade face-toface patient contact for a desk and a fax machine. Some even speculate that the growing cross-border trade could lead to the dismantling of Canada’s pricesetting regulatory agency. During a mid-November meeting in Ottawa, Ontario, US and Canadian health officials agreed to share information on prescription drugs and collaborate on safety measures, even though US Food and Drug Adminstration Commissioner Mark McClellan, MD, PhD, had sought a stronger stance from Canada to restrict Internet medication exports to the United States. But just a few weeks earlier, during a conference here on pharmaceutical reimportation, experts from north of the border said that Canada eventually may step in to halt the practice. “Ultimately, I think . . . you are going to see legislative initiatives coming out of Canada that will close the doors to this kind of practice, if not at the provincial level, then certainly at the national level,” said Chris Ward, a former Ontario legislator who now heads Ward Health Strategies Inc, a health care consulting firm with offices in Ontario and New Jersey. “To date, [government policy] has been rather reserved, and now there’s definitely a change in climate in Canada,” added Jillian Clare Cohen, PhD, assistant professor in the Leslie
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.770 | 0.515 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".