Analysis of the Merden Lake Esker, Stearns County, Minnesota: A New Interpretation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A gravel pit in south central Stearns County, Minnesota exposes sand and gravel of the Merden Lake esker which is thought to have been deposited by a subglacial stream associated with the Wisconsinan-aged Superior Lobe of the Laurentide ice sheet. An analysis of these sediments was conducted from samples collected through a vertical trench on an east-facing exposure of the gravel pit. A total of 12 distinct stratigraphic horizons were recognized. Each horizon was described in terms of overall color, grain size, and lithology, carbonate content, and sedimentary structures. A total of 436 clasts (>3 cm) were collected for lithology studies. Trench samples were collected across each horizon for grain size sieve analysis. Clasts were dominated by basalt (37.6%), granite (28.2%), gabbro (14.5%), quartzite (6.2%), diorite (3.5%), mica schist (3%), and andesite (1%). Minor components consisted of pisolitic claystone, shale, sandstone, limestone, dolostone, ironstone, bauxite, quartz, agate, and amethyst. The sedimentology provides an overall color of yellowish-orange to brown. Many of the large clasts (>5 cm) contained a rind of calcareous-cemented course sand. Several large (18-35 cm) armored clay balls were collected from the basal horizon. Grain size ranged from boulders (up to 37 cm in diameter) to clays. Average cobble size was 10.48 cm. The dominant grain size through the trench was 1-2 mm. Sedimentary structures included graded beds, minor cross bedding, and imbrication. Superior Lobe lithologies are dominated by red volcanics and sedimentary rocks from the Middle Proterozoic Keeweenawan Superior Group and have an overall brown to reddish-gray appearance. Rainy (Wadena) Lobe lithologies are dominated by Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks from southwest Ontario and northwest Minnesota and have an overall yellowish to yellow-brown appearance. Sedimentological analysis of the Merden Lake esker indicates its characteristics are more consistent with subglacial stream deposition within the Pierz Sublobe of the Rainy Lobe of the Laurentide ice sheet.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".