<i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> Induces Pro‐Inflammatory Mediator HMGB1 Release in Early Contact with Macrophage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica ( Eh ) is an invasive extracellular parasite that causes amebiasis in ~10% of infected individuals resulting in 10 5 deaths/year. The host and/or parasite factors that influence disease susceptibility remain unknown. Interaction between Eh and host macrophages has been shown to trigger a strong pro‐inflammatory response characterized by IL‐1β and TNF‐α release. High Mobility Group Box1 (HMGB1) is a non‐histone nuclear protein secreted by macrophages upon stimulation with various bacterial, viral and cellular components. HMGB1 binds TLRs (TLR‐2 and 4) and induce pro‐inflammatory responses in neighboring cells. In this study, we investigated whether Eh could trigger the release of the pro‐inflammatory molecule HMGB1 as an early “alarmin” signal and the putative parasitic virulent factors involved. Only stimulation with live Eh but not Eh components triggered prompt (1‐5min) and robust secretion of HMGB1 in human macrophages. This event was contact‐dependent as inhibiting Eh adhesin, Gal‐lectin with exogenous galactose abrogated HMGB1 release. HMGB1 secretion was independent of the major surface virulent factor cysteine proteinase 5 ( Eh CP5) as CP5‐deficient Eh , or cysteine protease inhibitor pretreatment of Wt Eh had no effect. HMGB1 secretion was independent of caspase‐1 activation, as revealed by using pan caspase inhibitor, Z‐VAD‐fmk. Eh ‐induced HMGB1 release upon contact with macrophage acts as a sensor for the host to detect invasive Eh that can attract bystander cells to amplify innate host defenses and/or promote an acute pro‐inflammatory response critical in disease pathogenesis. Grant Support: NSERC
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".