Intracellular trafficking of vitamin E by the α‐tocopherol transfer protein
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vitamin E, a plant-derived neutral lipid, is an essential nutrient for all vertebrates that scavenges free radicals in biological membranes, thereby preventing oxidative stress. Of the eight naturally-occurring forms of vitamin E, α-tocopherol is the most biologically active. This discrimination is achieved by the selective retention of α-tocopherol by the hepatic α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP), and by the selective degradation of other vitamin E isoforms by hepatic cytochrome P450. In hepatocytes, α-TTP facilitates the secretion of α-tocopherol to circulating lipoproteins for uptake by extrahepatic tissues. We aim to understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate α-TTP in vivo. Using live-cell fluorescence imaging, we found that the intracellular localization of α-TTP in hepatocytes is dynamic: in the absence of α-tocopherol, the protein is found in a punctate perinuclear pattern, but upon addition of vitamin E, the protein redistributes to a diffuse cytosolic pattern. The vitamin E-induced change in α-TTP localization is time- and dose-dependent. This change in localization may be an indication that α-TTP is a direct carrier of vitamin E that shuttles α-tocopherol between distinct cytosolic locations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".