Human Capital Externalities and Vertical Labor Mobility in South Africa
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A person's human capital has an external effect on the productivity of others. In South Africa, where apartheid led to important differences in the average human capital of each racial group, these externalities may differ across and within races. The impact of human capital externalities on wages, and vertical labor mobility, are examined using the 1993 South Africa Project for Statistics on Living Standards and Development. We estimate a wage equation which accounts for both individual and aggregate human capital and controls for parental assets. We find that: (1) the race-specific human capital of Blacks and Colored affects same-race wages positively, (2) Blacks’ aggregate human capital has a positive impact on white workers' wages, (3) Whites’ human capital does not affect black workers' wages, and (4) Blacks and Colored have the lowest vertical labor mobility . Our estimates indicate that policies which curtailed the education of Blacks had the unexpected effect of depressing Whites’ wages. Similarly, any negative shock which depletes the human capital of Blacks is likely to have adverse effects on the wages of both black and white workers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".