Bibliographic record
Abstract
Interpretations of Rerum Novarum generally agree that it was a defining moment in the development of Catholic social thought on the eve of the twen tieth century. This article attempts to evaluate the influence of Rerum Novarum as one approach to a broader comparative history of church-state relations in Mexico and Quebec. It does so by briefly outlining the historical context of the encyclical, and of church-state relations in Mexico and Quebec. This is followed by a comparative description of Catholic social programs, and a preliminary interpretation of the impact of Rerum Novarum in Mexico and Quebec. Rerum Novarum offers a useful point of departure for analyzing the com parative history of Mexico and Quebec in the late nineteenth and early twen tieth century. The encyclical, promulgated by Leo XIII in May 1891, signalled a new engagement of the Roman Catholic Church with the economic and political changes that swept through Western Europe and the Americas in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Rerum Novarum, despite the controver sies surrounding it, helped to focus attention on the social issues that sprang from the industrial and political changes of the times. For the history of Mexico * Professor of History, West Virginia University. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.208 on Fri, 14 Oct 2016 04:21:37 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms John C. Super R.H.A. Num. 126 and Quebec it illustrates the complex interactions between religion and poli tics in two deeply Catholic cultures. This article outlines a comparative approach to studying Rerum Novarum. It is an exploratory essay that suggests the value of four lines of inquiry. First, it briefly evaluates characteristics of liberalism and of selected papal encyclicals important as background to understanding the nineteenth-century political process. Second, it traces the history of church-state relations in an attempt to explain the political environment that greeted Rerum Novarum in the 1890s. Third, it discusses the efforts to implement social changes un der the auspices of Rerum Novarum. The final section offers an interpretation of the different reactions to Rerum Novarum in Mexico and Quebec.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".