Bibliographic record
Abstract
A long-term search for the mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs was motivated by a search for the cause of schizophrenia. The research between 1963 and 1975 led to the discovery of the antipsychotic receptor, now known as the dopamine D2 receptor, the target for all antipsychotic medications. There are now five known dopamine receptors, all cloned. Although no appropriate animal model or brain biomarker exists for schizophrenia, it is known that the many factors and genes associated with schizophrenia invariably elevate the high-affinity state of the D2 receptor or D2 High by 100–900% in animals, resulting in dopamine supersensitivity. These factors include brain lesions; sensitization by amphetamine, phencyclidine, cocaine, or corticosterone; birth injury; social isolation; and more than 15 gene deletions in the pathways for the neurotransmission mediated by receptors for glutamate (NMDA), dopamine, GABA, acetylcholine, and norepinephrine. The elevation of D2 High receptors may be the unifying mechanism for the various causes of schizophrenia.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.056 | 0.055 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".