Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this chapter we examine terrestrial locomotion (walking and running) from both descriptive and quantitative points of view. The study of locomotion has long been an important part of the field of biomechanics. Although not strictly “locomotion,” we also consider the dynamics and kinematics of jumping. Jumping Standing jump We begin by considering the standing vertical jump, since it is the easiest jump to analyze. A standing jump can be divided into two phases, defined as follows (Fig. 10.1). Push-off : starting from a crouch, the jumper pushes against the ground with his/her legs until the feet leave the ground. Airborne : from the moment that the feet leave the ground until the maximum elevation of the center of gravity is reached. Analysis of the standing jump is most easily carried out if we neglect changes in posture and body orientation while jumping, and consider only the elevation of the center of gravity. We therefore define: c = distance the center of gravity is lowered, measured with respect to the elevation of the center of gravity at the instant the feet leave the ground. h = maximum elevation of the center of gravity, measured with respect to the same reference datum. z = vertical location of the center of gravity, measured positive upwards from the floor. v = vertical velocity of the center of gravity, measured positive upwards.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.062 | 0.025 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".