<i>Giardia duodenalis</i> Depletes Goblet Cell Mucins and Degrades MUC2, Facilitating Bacterial Translocation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis , a cosmopolitan diarrheagenic parasite of the small intestine, leads to post‐infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI‐IBS) and extraintestinal complications via unclear mechanisms. The effects of Giardia on the protective mucus layers of the intestine are unknown. Objectives C57BL/6 (WT) and Muc2 ‐/‐ mice, human goblet cell line LS174T, and purified human mucin were exposed to Giardia trophozoites or Giardia 's secreted product to assess the effects of Giardia on MUC2 and goblet cell mucins. Results Infected Muc2 ‐/‐ mice had higher parasitic loads and inhibition of weight gain versus WT mice. Goblet cell mucin (stained with PAS/AB and WGA) was depleted in the small intestine and colon of infected WT mice. Bacterial translocation to the liver and spleen was also increased in infected mice. Immunofluorescence staining of MUC2 was reduced in human goblet cells in vitro after exposure to Giardia trophozoites. In addition, a co‐incubation of Giardia 's secreted products with purified human mucin degraded MUC2. Conclusions MUC2 mucin is protective in giardiasis, but Giardia is able to overcome this barrier. While Giardia colonizes the upper small intestine, it induces mucin depletion in goblet cells throughout the small intestine and colon. Mucin depletion and degradation break down the protective mucus barrier, facilitating bacterial translocation. These mechanisms may contribute to PI‐IBS. Supported by HPI NSERC CREATE, NSERC Discovery and Queen Elizabeth II Master's Scholarship
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".