Bibliographic record
Abstract
Shell Thiopave TM is a patented additive developed by Shell for use in asphalt paving mixtures. The additive is intended to act both as a bitumen extender and as an asphalt mixture modifier. The use of sulphur also has the benefit of lowering the compaction temperature of the asphalt paving mixtures. The additive is added to the pre-heated aggregates and bitumen during the mixing process rather than the sulphur being pre-blended with the bitumen. Experience with the product was obtained with sites in Canada, the USA, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and China. The Marshall properties, deformation resistance, stiffness, fatigue, low temperature crack resistance and water sensitivity are described. Health and safety issues and pavement design implications are considered. The pelletisation of the sulphur by Shell in Thiopave TM has overcome many of the health and safety issues, although strict control of temperature still needs to be maintained. the primary advantages of Thiopave TM-modified asphalt are an increase in strength, stability and possibly durability. The resulting economic advantages are reduced bitumen consumption, reduced pavement thicknesses and lower energy consumption.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".