Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter describes the clinical phenomenology and pathophysiology of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) and reviews current structural and functional neuroimaging data of this fascinating neuropsychiatric condition. Significant neuroimaging evidence exists for a primary cortical dysfunction in GTS. Structural changes were reported in the basal ganglia, including both the striatum and the globus pallidus. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has pointed to the microstructural abnormalities in white matter in GTS patients, including the corpus callosum and anterior and posterior limb of the internal capsule. Defects in brain maturation could be one of the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to emergence of the GTS symptoms in childhood and their persistence into adulthood. Evidence from pharmacological trials, especially the fact that dopamine receptor blockers are the most effective treatment for tics to date, and postmortem analyses suggested that abnormalities of dopaminergic neurotransmission play a key role in the pathogenesis of GTS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.398 | 0.250 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".