Absorption of exogenous ganglioside GD3 by human intestine CaCo‐2 cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ganglioside GD3 is a glycolipid found in human milk and membranes of developing tissues and tumors. Evidence shows important roles for GD3 in regulating cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis and inflammation. It is not known how or to what extent GD3 is absorbed by the intestine. The objective was to determine the mechanism and efficiency of GD3 uptake and transfer across the brush border membrane (BBM) and basolateral membrane (BLM) of human enterocytes. GD3 was delivered to the BBM or BLM side of differentiated, polarized CaCo‐2 cells and GD3 uptake, retention, transfer and metabolism were measured over time. BLM GD3 uptake was rapid, time‐dependent and reached a plateau of 60% efficiency at 24 h. Trace amounts of BLM GD3 were retained by cells or transferred with 96% being metabolized. In contrast to BLM GD3 uptake, BBM GD3 uptake was slower and 38% less efficient with some GD3 retained and more GD3 transferred and metabolized. Independent of delivery route, little absorbed GD3 was retained within cell membranes with more GD3 available for extracellular protection and distribution to tissues. These results suggest the presence of an efficient BLM carrier that tightly regulates intracellular GD3 concentrations. Moreover, the results support potential use of ganglioside‐containing enteral or parenteral products to promote intestinal development or treat intestinal conditions such as inflammation or cancer. This research project was funded by the Canadian Institute of Health Research and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".