Bibliographic record
Abstract
A varicocele is an abnormal dilatation of the pampiniform plexus within the spermatic cord. It is the most common male infertility factor, with multiple potential etiologies involved in its development. However, despite ongoing extensive research on varicoceles, the exact mechanism(s) by which varicocele influences male fertility is not known. Recent studies have shown that infertile men with varicocele have higher levels of seminal oxidative stress (OS) markers, and/or lower seminal antioxidant levels, than do fertile men and infertile men without varicocele. The abnormally high levels of seminal OS biomarkers (e.g., reactive oxygen species, malonaldehyde) in infertile men with varicocele is clinically relevant as these markers have been associated with poor sperm function and reduced fertility potential. In addition, infertile patients with varicocele possess high levels of sperm DNA damage and the mechanism of varicocele-induced sperm DNA damage is believed to be at least in part due to OS. The observed improvement in seminal OS and sperm DNA damage after varicocele repair supports the premise that varicocele can induce seminal OS.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.028 | 0.011 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".