Grizzly Bear, Ursus arctos, usurps Bison, Bison bison, captured by Wolves, Canis lupus, in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We describe an adult Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos) usurping a Bison (Bison bison) calf from a pack of five Wolves (Canis lupus) attempting to kill the Bison in Yellowstone National Park during early spring.Five Wolves grabbed the hind end and neck of the calf while it was trailing behind two adult male Bison.In 3 minutes a Grizzly Bear arrived and displaced the two Wolves attacking the hind end.For 1 minute the Grizzly Bear attacked the rear of the Bison while three Wolves attacked the front end.The Grizzly Bear subsequently pulled the struggling calf from the Wolves and made the kill.The Wolves were unable to displace the Grizzly Bear from the carcass.Our observation demonstrates the capacity for Grizzly Bears to exploit the predatory abilities of Gray Wolves restored to Yellowstone National Park.Kleptoparasitism by Grizzly Bears on Wolf-captured ungulates may be a selective pressure promoting group living in Wolves, and could provide an important new food resource to threatened Grizzly Bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".