A Rare Variation in the Pattern of Flexor Muscles of the Foot: Absence of Flexor Digitorum Brevis is compensated by Two Accessory Flexors to Digiti Minimi
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The tendon of the Flexor Digitorum Brevis (FDB) to the 5th toe was observed to be absent in the right foot of one 76 year old female cadaver. In addition to the missing muscle, two accessory muscles, which we named Accessory Flexor Digitorum Brevis (AFDB) pars cuneus and pars calcaneus according to their boney attachments, appear to compensate morphologically and biomechanically for the missing portion of FDB. The AFDB pars cuneus was found to attach to the inferolateral aspect of the 1st cuneiform, had a muscular belly which crossed superficial to the tendons of flexor digitorum longus (FDL) for the 2nd, 3th and 4th toes and had a slender tendon which accompanied the medial aspect of the FDL tendon into the fibrous digital sheath of the 5th toe. The AFDB pars calcaneus attached to the medial aspect of the calcaneus in common with the medial head of the Quadratus Plantae (QP). The AFDB pars calcaneus tendon crossed superficial to the medial and lateral heads of the QP and accompanied the lateral aspect of the FDL tendon into the fibrous digital sheath of the 5th toe. The tendons of the two accessory flexor muscles fused into a common tendon just proximal to the 5th metatarsophalangeal joint. This common tendon accurately replaced the missing FDB tendon, splitting and attaching to the sides of the middle phalanx of the 5th toe with the FDL tendon passing through the splitting terminal tendons. In this case two accessory flexor muscles appeared to compensate for the missing portion of the FDB muscle. This finding supports the hypothesis that biomechanical compensation may play a role in guiding myotomal cell migration during embryogenesis and may help to explain the occurrence of muscular variants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".